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VISUALIZATION OF SOOT NANOSTRUCTURE FROM ETHANOL BLENDED BIODIESEL USING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY IMAGE ANALYSES
(2022-09-14)
Thin, Myat Hsu
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Karin, P.
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Srilomsak, M.
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Po-Ngen, W.
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Saisirirat, P.
Characteristics of particulate matter from ethanol-blended biodiesel on the diesel engine in terms of nanostructure were investigated through electron microscopy. Commercial B20 fuel (20% palm and 80% diesel) was used as the baseline fuel and ethanol was blended at 5% and 10% with B20 fuel. The agglomerated particle size was reduced by increasing the weight ratio of ethanol. The average diameter sizes of the single primary nanoparticles of B20, B20E5, and B20E10 are about 20-40 nm while inter-planar spacing is about 0.404 nm, 0.383 nm, and 0.352 nm, respectively. The total fringe lengths of B20, B20E5, and B20E10 are approximately 521 nm, 470 nm, and 262 nm measured from the areas of 20 nm x 20 nm of primary nanoparticles.
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Experimental investigation of the impact ethanol-biodiesel-diesel blended fuels on combustion, emission, and performance of compression ignition diesel engine
(2022-01-01)
Wai, P.
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Karin, P.
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Phairote, W.
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Chollacoop, N.
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Kosaka, H.
This research was directed to reduce the global diesel engine emissions and dependency on finite fossil fuel reserves. The ethanol was blended by weight ratio with commercial “B20” fuel (20% palm oil's biodiesel and 80% diesel) as B20E5 (95% B20 with 5% ethanol), B20E10 (90% B20 with 10% ethanol) and B20E20 (80% B20 with 20% ethanol). The results of the engine's performance, combustion, emission, and agglomerate particles size using blended fuels were compared with the results of based commercial B20 fuel. All fuel samples were tested on a four-cylinder direct injection diesel engine at a constant load of 140Nm with engine speeds of 1000RPM, 1500RPM and 2000RPM. When the engine speed increased, the brake-specific fuel consumption decreased, and the brake thermal efficiency increased. The B20E20 shows the highest brake-specific fuel consumption because of the low energy content of the fuel blend and the highest thermal efficiency because of a better combustion process. The ethanol-blended fuels show higher peaks of in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate than the base B20 fuel, with B20E20 as the highest. Ethanol blended fuels have significant advantages in particulate matters reduction, especially in idle engine speed. The blended fuels decreased soot and CO<inf>2</inf> emissions and increased NO<inf>x</inf> emission. The agglomerate particles size distribution was analysed with 100 samples for each fuel by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Image J tools. The average agglomerate particle size of B20, B20E5, B20E10 and B20E20 are 0.253 µm, 0.245 µm, 0.225 µm and 0.187 µm, respectively. As conclusion, adding ethanol to diesel fuel provide strong advantages on soot reduction and higher engine efficiency due to the enrich of fuel oxygen.
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EFFECT OF BIODIESEL ON COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE’S COMBUSTION BEHAVIOR AND PARTICLE EMISSION
(2020-11-11)
Tripatara, A.
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Karin, P.
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Phairote, W.
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Charoenphonphanich, C.
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Masomtob, M.
Diesel Engines are widely known for a high compression ratio, which is proportional to the engine’s efficiency. The effect from direct injection of a diesel engine generates particulate matter (PM). PMs are mainly composed of Soot and Metallic Ash, which are harmful to human health. This research describes thermal efficiency, engine performance and combustion behavior at various load (20%, 50%, and 80%) and fuel (B7, B20, and B100) by using combustion pressure analyzer. The experimental results demonstrated that B100 has the highest ISFC and lowest ISEC for all test series owing to the highest indicated thermal efficiencies. Operating load and fuel are strongly proportional to heat release rate and ignition delay. The heat release rate of low load condition is retarded compare with medium and high load. Conventional diesel and biodiesel PMs were investigated by using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The average size of ultrafine particles that obtained from the experiment are range of 50-500 nm and primary nanoparticle size of B7 and B100 are in range of 25-50 nm.
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Structure development of Thailands kaolin by mechanochemical technique
(2020-10-26)
Tanwongwan, W.
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Wongkitikun, T.
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Onpecht, K.
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Srilai, S.
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Assabumrungrat, S.
Metakaolin was known as high potential starting material for zeolite production by it was obtained by the calcination process of kaolin. However, contaminants such as muscovite were still found in the structure of metakaolin. The mechanochemical technique has been applied for the development of metakaolin structure after the calcination process by kaolin from Lampang province in Thailand was chosen as a starting material. Important factors include rotation speeds (300-500rpm) and weight ratios of grinding balls per metakaolin (4:1, 8:1, 12:1, and 16:1) were studied in this research. The result from many characterization techniques includes X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Particle size analysis, and Scanning electron microscopy was demonstrated that contaminants of metakaolin, relative crystallinity, crystallite size, and particle size have a tendency to decreased with increasing of rotation speed and a weight ratio of grinding balls per metakaolin. The most effective condition for the structure development of metakaolin is using the weight ratio of grinding balls per metakaolin at 16:1 and 500rpm speed. The structure of metakaolin was changed to silica-rich phases with the lowest crystallization, the smallest crystallite size, the smallest particle size, and the structure of muscovite was completely destroyed which these properties are good for application of metakaolin for the synthesis of zeolite.
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CHARACTERIZATION OF PARTICULATE MATTERS EMITTED FROM BIOMASS COMBUSTION USING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY
(2020-01-01)
Mon Oo, H.
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Karin, P.
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Masomtob, M.
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Saisirirat, P.
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Chollacoop, N.
Particulate Matters (PMs) emitted from biomass combustion including open burning of biomass agricultural residues, and forest fires must be reduced to protect both human health and the environment. The physical characteristics of morphology, elemental composition and nanostructure of particulate matters generated from biomass combustion were successfully investigated by using electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to analyze the oxidation kinetics of particulate matters. Before biomass burning, it was found that about 65% of carbon fraction in biomass raw material while 95% of carbon fraction in soot and 84% in ash particles after burning. The average diameter size of single primary particles is approximately 36 nm. Nanostructure of the single primary particle of biomass soot is mainly composed of curve line carbon crystallites while metallic ash nanoparticle is composed of straight-line hatch patterns. The inter-planar spacing of fringes of biomass soot and ash crystallites is 0.36 nm and 0.28 nm, respectively. This article aims to study the different nanostructure of biomass forest leaves residual ash and soot such as agglomerated particles, primary particle's measurement using TEM image analysis.
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Influence of Metal Oxide Ashes on Soot Oxidation Kinetics and Nanostructure using Electron Microscopy and Thermogravimetric Analysis
(2019-04-09)
Koko, P.
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Karin, P.
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Saenkhumvong, E.
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Charoenphonphanich, C.
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Phairote, W.
According to increasingly stringent regulations on particulate emission from automotive vehicles, diesel engine must be equipped with Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) to trap the Particulate Matter (PM) which are very harmful to human health. Diesel particulate matters are composed primarily of unburned hydrocarbon (soot) and metal oxide ashes as solid fraction. DPF can trap PM with higher filtration efficiency and the process which can burn the soot into carbon dioxide is called regeneration process. Although regeneration process can burn the soot effectively, incombustible ashes will be remained inside the DPF channel causing engine back pressure. These metal oxide ashes are mainly derived from lubricant additives, engine wear and trace metals from diesel fuel. In this article, different nanostructures of diesel soot and metal oxide ash derived by diesel blending lube oil condition were briefly compared using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) image analysis. Electron Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis was introduced to investigate the chemical composition of particulate matters. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) was also conducted to compare the oxidation kinetics of pure diesel soot and the influence of metal oxide ash on soot oxidation kinetics. Contamination of metal oxide ashes promoted soot oxidation rate due to the presence of metallic additives from lube oil acting as a catalyst on soot oxidation kinetics.
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Oxidation kinetics of small CI engine’s biodiesel particulate matter
(2015-04-01)
Karin, P.
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Borhanipour, M.
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Songsaengchan, Y.
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Laosuwan, S.
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Charoenphonphanich, C.
Particulate matters (PMs) oxidation kinetics by Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) was successfully studied. The chemical content percentage of PM can be divided by oxidation temperature zoning in three main regions which are moisture, unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon. It is clearly observed that the amount of each region is strongly depending on engine operating condition, the amount of unburned HC in low load condition of the engine load are larger than that of high load condition. The calculated apparent activation energies of biodiesel PM oxidation are lower than that of diesel PM and carbon black because of unburned oxygenated molecule. The calculated apparent activation energy of biodiesel and diesel PMs oxidize with air is in the range of 147–157 kJ/mole and 153–165 kJ/mole, respectively. The results of this research would be used as basic information for design and develop removing process of particulate matter emitted from engine combustion which using in diesel and biodiesel fuels.

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