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Plant extract-based nanoemulsion for controlling sweet potato pests and weeds
(2026-12-01)
Pumnuan, Jarongsak
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Ruddit, Anusart
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Lakyat, Anuwat
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Doungnapa, Thanaporn
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Deemak, Jantra
The sweet potato weevil (Cylas formicarius) is the most destructive pest of sweet potato and is often associated with diseases and weeds. The use of plant extracts as pest control agents is a promising, eco-friendly approach, but their effectiveness often declines under field conditions. Therefore, nanoemulsion technology was applied to improve the dispersion and bioefficacy of active compounds. In this study, we aimed to develop plant extract-based nanoemulsions as multifunctional biopesticides capable of controlling insect pests, fungal pathogens, and weeds. Twenty-one plant extracts were screened for their effects adult SPW via contact methods. The most potent extracts were then formulated into nanoemulsions and evaluated for insecticidal efficacy—including contact toxicity, repellency, and oviposition inhibition. In addition to insecticidal effects, antifungal and herbicidal activities were systematically assessed against Fusarium sp. and two common weed species in sweet potato fields, Amaranthus tricolor and Echinochloa crus-galli. The major chemical constituents of key extracts were identified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Among all extracts, the hexane extracts of star anise and long pepper exhibited the highest contact toxicity, with LC50 values ranging from 2.051 to 2.415% at 24 h. When formulated into nanoemulsions (NHEF-1 and NHEH-2), toxicity increased 16- to 18-fold, lowering LC<inf>50</inf> values to 0.114–0.150%, and at above 0.1%, oviposition was inhibited by more than 85%. Both formulations also demonstrated significant antifungal activity against Fusarium sp. (44.6–56.8% growth inhibition) and completely inhibited the germination of A. tricolor (at 0.01%) and E. crus-galli (at 1.0%). GC–MS analysis revealed anethole (84.49%) as the predominant compound in the star anise extract, with long pepper extract containing moderate amounts of several compounds. These findings demonstrate the potential of plant extract-based nanoemulsions as eco-friendly, multifunctional biopesticides for sustainable sweet potato management, integrating enhanced insecticidal, antifungal, and herbicidal effects.
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Field Performance and ecological safety of botanical nanoemulsions against sweet potato weevil in Tropical smallholder systems
(2026-06-01)
Pumnuan, Jarongsak
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Lakyat, Anuwat
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Name, Janejira
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Deemak, Jantra
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Phutphat, Sudjai
This study investigated the effectiveness of two nanoemulsion-based plant hexane extract formulations, S4L0 and S3L1, for managing sweet potato weevils (SPW) under field conditions. The formulations, derived from star anise and long pepper hexane extracts, were tested alongside a synthetic insecticide (imidacloprid) and an untreated control using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) on farmer plots in Sa Kaeo Province, Thailand. Key determination parameters included SPW infestation levels, crop yield, pesticide residue levels, diversity of non-target soil arthropods, and soil physicochemical properties. Field applications of S4L0 and S3L1 reduced SPW infestations to 3.6 ± 4.3 and 11.1 ± 5.0 insects per plant, respectively, significantly lower than in untreated plots (33.9 ± 11.8 insects/plant). No detectable imidacloprid residues were found in tubers treated with S4L0 or S3L1, whereas imidacloprid-treated tubers retained residues of 0.335 and 0.144 ppm at 5 and 7 days after application. Sweet potato yields ranged from 310 to 440 g/plant, with no significant differences among treatments. The untreated plots supported greater diversity and abundance of non-target soil arthropods, while the imidacloprid-treated plots showed the lowest diversity. Soil properties, including bulk density, pH, electrical conductivity, and organic matter content, remained stable across treatments. Overall, S4L0 and S3L1 demonstrated effective pest suppression and minimal environmental impact, highlighting their potential as sustainable alternatives to synthetic insecticides for integrated pest management in sweet potato production.
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Parasiticidal Properties of Nanoemulsion-Based Plant Essential Oil Formulations for Controlling Poultry Ectoparasites in Farm Conditions
(2024-11-01)
Pumnuan, Jarongsak
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Lakyat, Anuwat
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Klompanya, Ampon
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Taemchuay, Duangkamol
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Assavawongsanon, Amorn
Nanoemulsion-based plant essential oil formulations (NEOFs) have shown remarkable parasiticidal properties in laboratory settings, suggesting the potential for practical farm applications. This study investigates the efficacy of NEOFs—comprising clove and cinnamon essential oils (EOs)—in controlling poultry ectoparasites under real farm conditions. We evaluated the impact of NEOFs on ectoparasite populations, egg-laying performance, egg quality, leukocyte profiles in chicken blood, and potential insecticide residues in eggs. Conducted across various poultry farms, the results revealed that NEOFs achieved an over 95% ectoparasite eradication after two treatments, compared to significantly higher ectoparasite populations in untreated control groups. Egg production was notably higher in NEOF-treated flocks, and the feed conversion ratio was improved. No significant differences in leukocyte profiles were observed between the treated and control groups. In contrast, cypermethrin residues were detectable in eggs for more than eight weeks post-treatment. NEOFs achieved an over 97% ectoparasite extermination within seven days post-treatment, with farmer satisfaction averaging 4.83 out of 5.00. These findings position NEOFs as a highly effective, environmentally friendly alternative to chemical pesticides for managing poultry ectoparasites, offering a viable solution for sustainable poultry farming.
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Nanoemulsion-based plant essential oil formulations: in vitro evaluation of pesticidal activity against ectoparasites in poultry
(2024-01-01)
Lakyat, Anuwat
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Pumnuan, Jarongsak
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Doungnapa, Thanaporn
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Phutphat, Sudjai
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Kramchote, Somsak
Ectoparasite infestations significantly impact the health and productivity of poultry. Chemical applications, although common for pest control, lead to pesticide residues and parasite resistance in poultry. Nanoemulsion-based plant essential oil formulations (NEOFs) provide a promising alternative for controlling poultry ectoparasites. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of NEOFs from clove, cinnamon, and turmeric essential oils (EOs) against ectoparasites, Menopon gallinae and Megninia ginglymura, under laboratory conditions. The toxicity and repellent properties of the NEOFs were examined, with the major chemical compounds of the EOs analyzed using chromatography mass spectrometer. Results identified eugenol as the dominant component in clove and cinnamon EOs (84.60 and 75.19%, respectively), while turmerone (68.46%) was the major compound in turmeric EO. NEOFs with clove:cinnamon:turmeric ratios of 4:0:0, 2:2:0, and 2:0:2 had particle size of 20.76 nm, 20.66 nm, and 89.56 nm, respectively, while those based on eugenol and turmerone standards had sizes <21.0 nm. In addition, NEOFs at 0.3% concentration with ratios of 4:0:0 and 2:2:0 achieved full control of both ectoparasites. These formulas demonstrated exceptional potency in exterminating ectoparasites, with LC<inf>50</inf> and LC<inf>90</inf> at <0.160 and <0.250%, respectively, 6 h after treatments. Furthermore, both NEOFs showed higher repellence responses in M. gallinae compared to M. ginglymura. The toxicities of these NEOFs were comparably effective against both parasites, showing no significant difference compared with chemical insecticide treatment. Therefore, further research will explore the practicality of using clove and cinnamon-derived NEOFs under farm conditions.
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Antioxidant Potential, Phenolic Content, and Nitrate/Nitrite Content in Various Lettuce Varieties
(2024-01-01)
Pumnuan, Jarongsak
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Kramchote, Somsak
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Sarapothong, Kritima
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Doungnapa, Thanaporn
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Pisutpiboonwong, Nattakarn
Ten lettuce varieties are analyzed for antioxidant activity, total phenolic, nitrate, and nitrite contents, and the effects of harvest maturity and cold storage in selected varieties are determined. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (TPC) are the highest in Red Oak, Red Coral, Red Rapids, and Grand Rapids; intermediate in Green Oak, Green Cos, and Frillice Iceberg; and the lowest in Butterhead, Mini Green Cos, and Head lettuce. Nitrate content is the highest in Red Coral, while the other 9 varieties have comparably lower contents. Nitrite content is inadequate and does not differ with variety. Harvest maturity of 45 days after transplanting (DAT) produced the highest antioxidant activity and TPC, much higher in Red Bowl and Red Butterhead varieties than in Mini Green Cos, Butterhead, Frillice Iceberg, and Green Big Bowl varieties. Storage at 8<sup>o</sup>C for 21 days has no remarkable effects on antioxidant activity, TPC, nitrate, and nitrite contents. Stored Red Bowl lettuce has higher antioxidant activity and TPC than Butter-head and Green Big Bowl varieties. Nitrate content decreases at the end of storage, while nitrite content is below 1 mg/kg FW during the entire storage period, regardless of variety.
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Acaricidal activity of essential oil nanoemulsion against the african red mite (Eutetranychus africanus)
(2021-04-01)
Doungnapa, Thanaporn
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Pumnuan, Jarongsak
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Insung, Ammorn
The African red mite (Eutetranychus africanus [Tucker]) is an important pest species of some economic plants. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of nanoemulsions consisting of citronella grass, lemongrass, clove, and cinnamon essential oils and their main chemical compounds against the African red mite; their toxicity, egg-laying inhibition, and repellent effect on the mite were determined. Essential oil nanoemulsions (nEOs) were prepared by mixing the essential oils with different surfactants and co-surfactants. Approximately 10 to 15 female mites were transferred to treated leaves placed on soaked cotton and kept in a Petri dish. Mite mortality and number of eggs laid were checked after 24 h. As for the repellency test, the selected test consisted of dipping a half leaf into the nEOs, while the other half leaf was dipped in a control (water). The repellency rate was evaluated after 24 h. Results revealed that citronella grass nEOs exhibited a highly toxic effect on the mite and only a 0.6% concentration caused 100% mite mortality. Geraniol, one of the main chemical compounds of citronella grass, represented the highest egg-laying inhibition at a 0.2% concentration with a mean of 0.1 egg compared with 4.7 eggs in the control. Furthermore, nEOs from citronella grass at a 0.1% concentration were extremely repellent against the mite with 95% repellency after 24 h. Therefore, the citronella grass essential oil nanoemulsion is appropriate for use to effectively control the African red mite.

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