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Effects of Laminarin on Innate Immune Activation in White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Reared at Different Salinities
(2026-03-01)
Muahiddah, Nuri
;
Chen, Jiann Chu
;
Kitikiew, Suwaree
This study examined the effects of laminarin on the haemocytes of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) reared at different salinity levels (35 ‰, 25 ‰, 15 ‰, and 10 ‰) in vitro. Haemocytes incubated with 1 mg/mL laminarin were assessed for degranulation, cell size, viability, necrosis, phenoloxidase (PO) activity, and respiratory burst (RB). Shrimp haemocytes incubated with laminarin for 30 minutes exhibited greater degranulation and necrosis at salinities of 35‰, 25‰, and 15‰ than those of shrimp reared at 10‰. The reduction increased with increasing laminarin concentration incubated with white shrimp haemocytes, but was negatively related to salinity level. The phenoloxidase (PO) activity and respiratory burst (RB) of shrimp increased with increasing salinity. It is concluded that haemocytes of white shrimp reared at 10‰ and treated with laminarin showed lower immune activation, as indicated by reduced degranulation, lower necrotic cell levels, a lower percentage of large cells, and a lower percentage of viable cells, as well as decreased PO activity and RB. In contrast, the immune response of white shrimp treated with laminarin was stronger and occurred earlier in shrimp reared at higher salinities (35‰, 25‰, and 15‰) compared with those reared at low salinity (10‰).
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The Effects of Hormone Diets with Different 17β-Estradiol Levels on Growth and Feminization in Long-Whiskered Catfish (Mystus gulio) Larvae Using Conventional and Microencapsulated Feed
(2026-01-01)
Dokkaew, Sahabhop
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Songdum, Kritchavat
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Prachom, Noratat
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Boonyung, Wiwiththanon
;
Kitikiew, Suwaree
Feminization is an important biotechnological approach in aquaculture for species in which females exhibit superior growth and higher market value. The long-whiskered catfish (Mystus gulio), a euryhaline species cultivated in both monoculture and co-culture systems, contributes to sustainable aquaculture by grazing on uneaten feed and maintaining pond cleanliness. This study evaluated the effects of dietary 17β-estradiol (E2) at 0, 10, 30, and 60 mg/kg, incorporated into conventional and microencapsulated feeds, on the feminization and early growth of M. gulio larvae. Treatments were administered during the weaning stage for 14 and 21 days under controlled rearing conditions. Results showed that larvae fed microencapsulated feed containing 60 mg/kg E2 achieved the highest specific growth rate (26.91 ± 1.92%/day), feed efficiency (164.76 ± 33.23%), and feminization success (99.73 ± 0.04%). Hormonal assays confirmed elevated estradiol and reduced testosterone levels, consistent with ovarian development observed in histological sections. Gene expression analysis further supported these findings through the significant upregulation of cyp19a, erb1, and erb2 mRNA levels. Overall, this study demonstrates that microencapsulated hormone feeding is an effective and environmentally responsible strategy for achieving monosex female populations in M. gulio, enhancing productivity, reproductive performance, and sustainability in aquaculture systems.
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Status of Aquarium Fish and Plants in Asia
(2026-01-01)
Kantha, Phunsin
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Dokkaew, Sahabhop
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Sirisuay, Soranuth
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Kitikiew, Suwaree
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Nhan, Hua Thai
The ornamental aquarium market thrives on live organisms from wild captures and breeding programs, with over 90% of freshwater species and half of traded species sourced from breeding initiatives. Breeding marine species such as clownfish, marine angelfish, tang/surgeonfish, and corals 20has recently expanded, reflecting a shift towards sustainability and ecological conservation. In Asia, aquarium hobbyists blend ornamental fish and aquatic plants into miniature aquatic ecosystems, marking aquascaping’s evolution from traditional fishkeeping to intricate underwater landscapes. Rich biodiversity, complex layouts, and integration of natural processes like photosynthesis and the nitrogen cycle characterize Asian aquascaping. International recognition of Asian aquascapers at competitions like the World Aquascape Championships (IAPLC) underscores the global community’s pivotal role in the art’s continuous growth and innovation. This chapter further examines breeding techniques, ecological roles, and aesthetic contributions of aquatic life in Asia, highlighting sustainable practices and responsible stewardship essential for industry viability. Emphasizing ecological conservation, the chapter advocates for a balanced approach respecting both artistic expression and environmental sustainability, urging continued research, collaboration, and active community involvement to ensure an ecologically responsible future for this unique intersection of art and nature.
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Injection administration of mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana, husk extract enhances physiological and immune-neuroendocrinological regulation of Macrobrachium rosenbergii
(2023-10-01)
Kitikiew, Suwaree
;
Chieng, Zheng Xiang
;
Li, Cheng Ying
;
Kuo, Hsin Wei
;
Cheng, Winton
The study aimed to investigate the effects of injecting mangosteen husk hot-water extracts (MHE) on immune and physiological factors in Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Different doses of MHE (10, 20, and 40 μg prawn−1) were injected into the prawns, and various immune and physiological parameters were evaluated. The results revealed that higher doses of MHE (20 and 40 μg prawn−1) led to significant increases in immune parameters, improved phagocytic activity, and clearance efficiency. However, certain parameters, such as phenoloxidase activity per granulocyte, plasma glucose, and lactate levels were decreased after injection. Moreover, prawns injected with MHE and subjected to hypothermal stress exhibited changes in haemolymph dopamine and norepinephrine. Prawns injected with MHE for 7 days showed increased survival rates when challenged with Lactococcus garvieae. The relative survival percentages were 11.8%, 46.6%, and 47.1% for MHE doses of 10, 20, and 40 μg prawn−1 injection, respectively, indicating enhanced resistance to the pathogen. In conclusion, injecting MHE can act as an immunostimulant and physiological and neuroendocrine regulator for prawns, enhancing their resistance to L. garvieae.
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The Effect of Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) on the Development of Duckweed (Lemna minor) in Co-Culture with Red Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.)
(2023-05-01)
Luo, Jie
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Chien, Yew Hu
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Taparhudee, Wara
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Kitikiew, Suwaree
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Kantha, Phunsin
The effects of artificial light source and photoperiod on duckweed (Lemna minor) growth and the impact of duckweed on red tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) growth in an aquaponic culture are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate: 1) effects of light source and photoperiod on growth of duckweed and water quality, and 2) the effects of feeding red tilapia with different ratios of duckweed: artificial feed. In Phase I, three different artificial light sources (LED white light, T5 fluorescent white light, and LED blue light) were used and then a consecutive experiment was conducted using LED white light with three different photoperiods: 24:0, 16:8, and 12:12 (light:dark). In Phase II, red tilapia were fed with three feeding regimes made up of different percentages (by weight) of duckweed (0%, 5%, and 10%) to artificial pellet feed. Overall, our results suggest that using LED white light with a photoperiod of 16:8 (light:dark) was effective for maximizing duckweed growth in aquaponic culture and consequently resulted in lowest total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and NO<inf>2</inf>-, and that replacing pellet feed with duckweed at 5% or 10% can increase the growth rate of red tilapia.

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