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Enhancing lateritic soil performance with cement and calcined limestone dust for road base application
(2026-12-01)
Thwe, Khin Sam
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Ayawanna, Jiratchaya
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Mase, Lindung Zalbuin
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Chaiyaput, Salisa
Lateritic soils are widely used in road construction in tropical regions, but their natural engineering properties often require stabilization to meet strength and performance requirements. In Thailand, lateritic soils are commonly stabilized with cement-based binders, which are applied as soil–cement subbase and soil–cement base layers in accordance with the Department of Highways (DOH) specifications. This study evaluates the stabilization of lateritic soil using ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with calcined limestone dust (CLD) as a partial cement replacement. CLD is produced by the calcination of limestone dust, which is a quarry by-product, at elevated temperatures. In the proposed stabilization approach, 20% of OPC was replaced with CLD to assess its effect on the stabilized soil’s physical and mechanical properties. Laboratory tests included Atterberg limits, compaction characteristics (optimum moisture content and maximum dry density), and unconfined compressive strength (UCS). The results indicate that the combined use of OPC and CLD reduces soil plasticity and slightly modifies compaction behavior due to changes in particle packing and moisture demand. Stabilization significantly improves UCS, and mixtures containing 20% CLD achieve compressive strengths comparable to fully cement-stabilized samples after 28 days of curing. Strength enhancement is primarily attributed to cement hydration, which forms calcium silicate hydrate, while CLD contributes through filler and nucleation effects, resulting in a denser microstructure suitable for road base applications.
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Feasibility assessment of porous granules from lateritic soil and sawdust as partial cement replacement under seawater immersion
(2026-06-01)
Chaiyaput, Salisa
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Sertsoongnern, Pimchanok
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Nguyen, Trong Nghia
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Mase, Lindung Zalbuin
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Ayawanna, Jiratchaya
This study developed porous granules from lateritic soil and sawdust as an innovative approach to valorizing waste for use as a partial cement replacement. The study focused on two aspects: first, identifying suitable composition ratios and chemical agents for producing porous granules, and second, evaluating the feasibility of using granules in a cement-granule paste or as a partial cement replacement to achieve sufficient strength under seawater immersion. The findings showed that the optimal granule composition consisted of 70 wt% lateritic soil, 30 wt% sawdust, and 0.50 wt% sodium silicate, producing granules with a maximum porosity of 34% and a pore structure characterized by isolated (closed) internal pores, as indicated by qualitative observations of 3D tomographic images. When incorporated into cement paste at 20 wt% replacement with a size range of 1–2.36 mm, compressive strengths of 31–36 MPa were achieved after 7 days, meeting the standard requirements. The relationship between pore volume, granule size, and compressive strength was non-linear. Under seawater curing, samples with a 20 wt% replacement maintained strength comparable to plastic-wrapped samples, indicating stable mechanical performance during seawater immersion. These results present the feasibility of using lateritic soil-sawdust porous granules as a partial cement replacement under seawater immersion, using a simplified laboratory assessment rather than direct simulation of real marine environments. However, transport-related durability properties, such as permeability, water absorption, and ion ingress (e.g., chloride, sulfate, and magnesium ions), were not evaluated. Therefore, durability-related interpretations remain preliminary and require further validation.
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Effect of carbonic anhydrase enzymes on strength of soil cement
(2026-06-01)
Kingnoi, Namthip
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Ayawanna, Jiratchaya
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Mase, Lindung Zalbuin
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Omar, Rohayu Che
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Chaiyaput, Salisa
This research proposes the originality of using carbonic anhydrase (CA) biocatalyst enzyme with soil cement material for strength development. The soft Bangkok clay with cement up to 30 wt% of dried soil was prepared with the addition of CA at an amount of 100 µl and a concentration of 100 µM. The suitable preparation and curing method of soil cement containing CA was also investigated using different mixing methods (dry mixing and wet mixing) and curing conditions (air curing and plastic wrap curing) for up to 28 days. The improvement of soil cement strength was achieved by increasing cement content and curing time. The compressive strength of soil cement is highly improved with the addition of CA, particularly in the air-curing condition. The formation of CaCO<inf>3</inf> was observed with a tightened microstructure. In addition, the wet mixing method is favorable for improving strength with biocatalyst enzymes due to the dispersion of hydrated cement particles. Mixing small amounts of CA in soil cement not only enhances strength but also contributes to environmental sustainability, making it a viable option for sustainable future construction applications and adaptable ground improvement techniques.
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Partial soil replacement in soil cement using bentonite and polyurethane foam
(2026-06-01)
Rattanapitak, Pornkanok
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Shelina, Aza
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Ayawanna, Jiratchaya
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Kingnoi, Namthip
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Mase, Lindung Zalbuin
This study evaluates the effects of partially replacing soft clay with Ca-bentonite or polyurethane foam in soil-cement mixtures to improve geotechnical performance in soft soils. Cement content was fixed at 20% by total mix weight (% wt), while soft clay was partially replaced with Ca-bentonite or polyurethane foam at 20% wt, 30% wt, and 40% wt. Density, weight, and compressive strength were evaluated at curing ages of 7 and 28 days. The optimal mixture, determined based on compressive strength, was subsequently selected for the permeability test and compared with natural soft clay and a conventional soil-cement mixture. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy was conducted to characterize particle morphology and pore structure, providing microstructural insight into the strength behaviour of mixtures incorporating both Ca-bentonite and polyurethane foam replacements. The results indicate a clear contrast between the two replacement materials. Ca-bentonite increases density and compressive strength through pozzolanic and filling effects. The optimal sample, consisting of 50% soft clay, 20% cement, and 30% Ca-bentonite (S5C2B3) by weight, achieves a 28-day compressive strength of 9.71 MPa with stiff and brittle behaviours. Weight increase is associated with Ca-bentonite swelling, which enhances impermeability. In contrast, polyurethane foam reduces density and strength, producing a lightweight, ductile material due to its porous structure and water loss. Ca-bentonite is suitable for high-strength or low-permeability applications, whereas polyurethane foam is appropriate for lightweight fill where reduced weight is required.
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Optimizing sustainable cement replacement using ceramic tile waste: Enhanced strength and microstructural performance
(2026-03-01)
Chaiyaput, Salisa
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Sertsoongnern, Pimchanok
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Sukkatorn, Paratee
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Mase, Lindung Zalbuin
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Ayawanna, Jiratchaya
The increasing demand for cement in the construction industry has intensified the depletion of natural resources and accelerated environmental impacts associated with cement production, including high CO<inf>2</inf> emissions. Simultaneously, the ceramic tile manufacturing process generates substantial amounts of waste, particularly sludge waste and rectified tile waste, which are typically discarded despite their high silica and alumina contents. This study examines the potential of utilizing ceramic tile waste as a partial replacement for cement in mortar formulations, promoting sustainable material use. XRF and XRD analyses revealed substantial SiO<inf>2</inf> concentrations in both waste types, indicating suitability for pozzolanic reactions. Mortar samples containing varied amounts of tile waste were examined for physical properties, compressive strength, and microstructural characteristics. The replacement of 50 % of cement with rectified tile waste significantly enhanced long-term strength, surpassing that of the 100 % cement control at 28 days, due to improved pozzolanic activity and a denser microstructure. Conversely, the replacement of sludge waste led to reduced strength due to higher porosity and weaker hydration. Further investigation of rectified tile waste at replacement levels of 30-70 % confirmed that 50 % substitution provides the optimum balance between strength performance and material sustainability. Microstructural analysis with SEM confirmed these findings, revealing well-formed C-S-H and reduced pore spaces at the optimal replacement ratio. Overall, rectified tile waste demonstrates strong potential as a sustainable cement replacement material, offering reductions in cement consumption, CO<inf>2</inf> emissions, and ceramic waste disposal while maintaining or improving mechanical performance.
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Mapping the Underground: Geotechnical Physical Properties Insights from Bengkulu City
(2026-01-01)
Mase, Lindung Zalbuin
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Kamal, Thomas Mustafa
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Putri, Melly Zuhadjar
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Misliniyati, Rena
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Chaiyaput, Salisa
This study presents a three-dimensional engineering geology model of soil-layer physical parameters in Bengkulu City, Indonesia. The model provides an integrated understanding of the subsurface profile to support construction design and planning. Three-dimensional modelling is applied to identify subsurface geological layers and visualize key soil physical properties using colour-scaled parameter distributions. The analysed parameters include shear wave velocity, plasticity index, saturated unit weight, bulk unit weight, dry unit weight, water content, and degree of saturation. Data interpolation is performed using the Inverse Distance Weighting method, which is suitable for estimating parameter continuity within layers in 3D geological modelling. The resulting model identifies five generalised subsurface layers: sand, clay, soft rock, medium rock, and hard rock. Interpolated parameter variations are illustrated through geological profiles and Probability Density Function plots, enabling more straightforward interpretation of value distributions across the study area. Overall, the findings offer practical insights and essential baseline information for engineers and planners conducting soil investigations in Bengkulu City.
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Sustainable pavement recycling: Utilization of cement and asphalt waste dust to improve CBR and permeability
(2025-09-01)
Chaiyaput, Salisa
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Thatmas, Natthapong
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Nguyen, Trong Nghia
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Huan, Vo Nguyen Phu
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Mase, Lindung Zalbuin
This study aims to utilize asphalt waste dust, a pollutant by-product of the asphalt production process, to improve the quality of recycled pavement materials for use as base course materials, under the standards of the Department of Rural Roads and the Department of Highways, Thailand. The mixture consisted of 70 % by weight (wt%) reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), 30 wt% crushed rock (CR), 3.5 wt% cement (C), and 20 wt% asphalt waste dust (AD), in comparison to the general pavement recycling (RAP-CR-C). Compaction test, permeability test, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis were performed under all testing conditions. The highest performance was achieved for the recycled pavement materials, containing 3.5 wt% cement and 20 wt% asphalt waste dust (RAP-CR-C-AD20). The coefficient of permeability was 2.32 × 10-7 cm/s under pressurized constant head, 2.40 × 10-7 cm/s under an 8 mm falling head, and 2.59 × 10-7 cm/s under a 14 mm falling head. The CBR values were 493 % at 0.1 in (2.54 mm) penetration and 491 % at 0.2 in (5.08 mm) penetration. The RAP-CR-C-AD20 exhibited a low coefficient of permeability but a high CBR, compared to those of RAP-CR-C, and above the minimum base course requirement (CBR > 80 %). This study highlights the potential of using asphalt waste dust in pavement recycling as an innovative solution that not only reduces waste but also contributes to sustainable road construction practices.
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A Case Study of Two-Dimensional Mapping of Physical Parameters Distributions in Ground Profiling
(2025-08-01)
Mase, Lindung Zalbuin
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Kamal, Thomas Mustafa
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Anggraini, Giovanny Dhebby
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Syahbana, Arifan Jaya
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Ayawanna, Jiratchaya
This article examines two-dimensional maps that illustrate soil physical properties in Lebong Regency, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia, as a case study. The map displays the distribution of soil properties at various research points, which were selected to represent the different soil layers in the area. The properties discussed include shear wave velocity, plasticity index, saturated unit weight, bulk unit weight, dry unit weight, water content and degree of saturation. The study employed the Kriging interpolation method to analyse data from 457 research points, estimating soil property values between them. The results showed that the highest shear wave velocity values were found in the clay layer of the Central Lebong District, while the highest plasticity index was found in the clay layer of the Lebong Sakti sub-district. The North Lebong sub-district also had the highest bulk and dry unit weight in the clay layer. In contrast, the Pelabai sub-district showed the highest values for saturated bulk density, water content and degree of saturation in the clay layer. This two-dimensional map of soil properties, with its potential to significantly impact infrastructure planning in Lebong Regency, is a crucial tool for geotechnical engineers and consultants. It can help them design safer and more suitable structures based on the soil characteristics of each sub-district, thereby enhancing the safety and efficiency of the region’s infrastructure.
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A Case Study of Soil Resistance Microzonation Based on Shear Wave Velocity
(2025-06-01)
Adrian, Mellanie Novita
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Mase, Lindung Zalbuin
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Hardiansyah, Hardiansyah
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Misliniyati, Rena
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Supriani, Fepy
This study, unique in its focus on the Kepahiang Regency, Bengkulu Province, aims to analyse soil characteristics and their potential impact on infrastructure stability using shear wave velocity (V<inf>s</inf>) data from 30 microtremor points spread across Kepahiang. The analysis produces a soil layer profile, shear wave velocity variations at various depths, Vs distribution maps, soil classifications, and ground amplification factors. The study reveals a significant risk of soil resilience effects in the area, primarily due to the dominance of class C soil, which consists of very dense soil and soft rock, and class D soil, which is rigid. The high amplification factor caused by the low average shear wave velocity to a depth of 30 m also affects soil resistance. This research contributes significantly to geotechnical risk mitigation efforts, safer spatial planning, and infrastructure development resistant to landslides in the Kepahiang Regency.
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Utilization of ladle furnace slag and fly ash as partially replacement of cement
(2025-03-01)
Thwe, Khin Sam
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Ayawanna, Jiratchaya
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Mase, Lindung Zalbuin
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Chaiyaput, Salisa
Ladle Furnace Slag (LFS) and fly ash (FA) are industrial waste products commonly deposited in landfills, while the cement industry is a major source of carbon dioxide (CO<inf>2</inf>) emissions. Previous research has explored using LFS and FA as cement replacement materials to help mitigate environmental impacts. Yet, no studies have explored combining LFS and FA as cement replacement materials. Therefore, this research highlights the study of the combination of LFS and FA mixes as a partial cement replacement. The mix design for cement replacement materials was developed by combining ordinary Portland cement (OPC), LFS, and FA in the following weight ratios: 10:10:80, 20:20:60, and 30:30:40. These mix designs were assessed in comparison to 100%OPC (% by weight), evaluating key properties (bulk density, specific gravity, normal consistency, setting time, compressive strength, flexural strength, and microstructural characteristics). According to the findings, incorporating LFS and FA, both pozzolanic materials effectively improved the strength of the material by promoting a pozzolanic reaction, particularly during the final stages of curing. Furthermore, it was found that a mixed design containing 20% OPC, 20% LFS, and 60% FA demonstrated suitable properties for cement replacement in various applications, with beneficial results in terms of setting time and strength development. From X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscope (SEM analysis), C-S-H gel, as well as Ca(OH)<inf>2</inf> and Mg(OH)<inf>2</inf> chemical compounds, were formulated. The aforementioned replacement is being used to promote environmental sustainability through the efficient use of industrial byproducts.

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