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    Insecticidal properties of lemon grass, clove and star anise essential oils and their main chemical compounds against maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky)
    (2024-01-01)
    Pumnuan, J.
    ;
    Doungnapa, T.
    ;
    Lakyat, A.
    ;
    Namee, D.
    ;
    Sarapothong, K.
    The use of plant essential oils (EOs) as an alternative to traditional pesticides for controlling stored product pests has gained increasing attention due to the potential to reduce insecticide resistance and toxic residues in products and the environment. In this study, the EOs of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), and star anise (Illicium verum) with their main chemical compounds were evaluated for insecticidal properties in both toxic and repellent forms against maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais). The chemical compositions of the EOs were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results obtained in this study indicate that the major components in lemon grass EO are citral (84.93%; cis-citral (49.10%) and trans-citral (35.83%)), while eugenol (88.66%) and trans-anethole (95.28%) were the major compounds in clove and star anise EOs, respectively. The EOs demonstrated higher toxicity against adult maize weevils compared to their main chemical compounds. The clove EO showed the greatest fumigation potential to kill maize weevils, with an LC<inf>50</inf> of 3.044 μL L<sup>-1</sup> air, followed by the EOs of star anise (4.925 μL L<sup>-1</sup> air) and lemon grass (5.769 μL L<sup>-1</sup> air). The chemical compounds eugenol, transanethole, and citral had LC<inf>50</inf> values of 4.640, 5.441, and 6.433 μL L<sup>-1</sup> air, respectively. Lemon grass EO and citral showed their potential for repelling maize weevils, with the highest repellence response observed at a concentration of 0.12 μL cm<sup>-2</sup> (over 75% response). Overall, this study indicates that clove EO may be effective for killing maize weevils, while lemon grass EO may be suitable for repelling this insect.
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    Insecticidal activities of long pepper (Piper retrofractum Vahl) fruit extracts against seed beetles (Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius, Callosobruchus chinensis Linnaeus, and Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) and their effects on seed germination
    (2022-12-01)
    Pumnuan, J.
    ;
    Namee, D.
    ;
    Sarapothong, K.
    ;
    Doungnapa, T.
    ;
    Phutphat, S.
    Bruchid beetles (Callosobruchus maculatus and Callosobruchus chinensis), and maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) are important insect pests during the postharvest period. Botanical insecticide is an alternative solution for controlling these insects, and long pepper (Piper retrofractum) has been reported as having insecticidal potential against general insect pests. Film seed coatings with various concentrations of hexane extracts were made for mung bean (Vigna radiata) and corn (Zea mays) seeds. Insecticidal activities of these treatments were assessed at before and after storage period of six months, and seed germination was also evaluated. The hexane extract was subjected to analysis of the bioactive components by using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Results revealed that the hexane extract presented extreme toxicity to both bruchid beetles higher compared to maize weevil at 24 h with LC<inf>50</inf> values of 5.57–6.75 and 58.04 μg⋅cm<sup>−2</sup>, respectively. Bruchid beetles presented significant response to ethanol, acetone and hexane extracts, whereas maize weevil showed relatively low responsibility. Film seed coating with hexane extract at 1% and 3% concentrations with six-month storage presented high insecticidal activity against bruchid beetles by more than 88% mortality but had low kill rates against maize weevil. The coated mung bean seeds presented non-seed germination effect, whereas high effect was observed on coated corn. Isolation of bioactive components demonstrated that there were 74 compounds, where pentadecane was the main compound. Film seed coating technology for mung bean seed preservation by using 1% hexane extract from long pepper fruit presented to be an extremely effective method to control bruchid beetles without any seed germination effect. It could serve as one of the green insecticides of the future.