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Identifying Water Source Locations on a Data-Limited Small Island Using GIS and the Factor Index Method
(2026-06-01)
Seeboonruang, Uma
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Horpeancharoen, Witthawin
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Sirikaew, Uba
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Tanachaichoksirikun, Pinit
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Chulkaivalsucharit, Virun
This study presents an integrated methodological framework for identifying potential freshwater source locations on data-limited small islands by combining Geographic Information Systems (GIS), the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), and the Factor Index Method. The analytical workflow begins with processing spatial data (topography and land use) in a GIS environment to delineate initial watersheds. These inputs are then coupled with the SWAT model to simulate key hydrological output variables, such as surface runoff and stream network geometry, without requiring extensive historical streamflow data. The simulated outputs are subsequently reintegrated into the GIS environment to derive spatial attributes for each sub-basin. Subsequently, the Factor Index Method is applied to evaluate and rank the sub-basins using five key criteria: watershed area ratio, stream length ratio, slope, land use, and location accessibility. The analysis identified eight optimal sites, with field surveys confirming that four of these locations closely aligned with natural stream networks and existing spring-fed ponds. The results demonstrate that this approach can accurately delineate hydrological features and prioritize monitoring locations without extensive field data. By validating geospatial predictions through ground-truthing, this framework reduces the need for costly and time-consuming fieldwork. It enhances planning precision, supports efficient resource allocation, and can serve as a replicable model for sustainable water resource management on other small islands with similar data constraints.
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Assessing Seepage Behavior and Hydraulic Gradient Conditions in the Lam Phra Phloeng Earth Fill Dam, Thailand
(2026-02-01)
Tanachaichoksirikun, Pinit
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Seeboonruang, Uma
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Sirikaew, Uba
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Horpeancharoen, Witthawin
This study evaluates seepage behavior and hydraulic gradient conditions at the Lam Phra Phloeng Earthfill Dam in Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand, by integrating long-term instrumentation records, updated geotechnical data, and deterministic numerical modeling. Piezometer and observation-well data collected between 2007 and 2023 were screened for reliability, revealing that several sensors exhibited abnormal or non-responsive behavior, limiting direct interpretation of phreatic surface variations in critical zones. Reliable datasets were incorporated into SEEP/W seepage simulations using representative dam cross-sections and soil parameters derived from recent drilling and laboratory testing. The results indicate that under normal reservoir operation, the phreatic surface remains within the core–drainage system and hydraulic gradients are well below estimated critical thresholds for the clayey foundation. Elevated reservoir levels lead to increased pore-water pressures and higher hydraulic gradients, particularly near the downstream zones and the deep central section of the dam. Rapid drawdown produces the most unfavorable hydraulic condition, generating steep transient pore-pressure gradients that approach critical values and reduce hydraulic safety margins. Although no immediate evidence of piping or uncontrolled seepage was identified, malfunctioning instrumentation creates monitoring blind spots that increase uncertainty in real-time seepage assessment. This study demonstrates that hydraulic gradient-based interpretation of deterministic seepage modeling provides a practical screening tool for dam safety evaluation under data-limited conditions. The findings emphasize the importance of enhanced monitoring redundancy and conservative operational control to support risk-informed management of aging earthfill dams under increasing hydrological variability.
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EXPECTED GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT AND WATER SECURITY IN DEFICIT SMALL TOURISM ISLAND
(2026-01-01)
Srisuk, Jutamas
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Tanachaichoksirikun, Pinit
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Sirikaew, Uba
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Seeboonruang, Uma
The lack of freshwater resources on small tourism islands causes a critical issue with direct effects for the quality of life within local communities and the long-term sustainability of tourism activities. This problem is particularly worsened in regions lacking centralized community water supply systems, where groundwater serves as a crucial source of water for domestic consumption. This study aims to assess the feasibility of developing groundwater resources for establishing a community water supply system on small tourism islands. The research employed a mathematical groundwater model using the MODFLOW program to simulate groundwater flow and analyze the zone budget, based on head contour data and land use patterns in the study area. The results revealed that the most suitable location for groundwater development is the lowland community area, which functions as a discharge zone with high potential for groundwater accumulation and circulation. The MODFLOW simulation accurately demonstrated the quantity and flow direction of groundwater, providing valuable insights for planning a sustainable water supply system to enhance long-term water security for small tourism islands.
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RECHARGE ESTIMATION AND SITE IDENTIFICATION FOR MANAGED AQUIFER RECHARGE IN SUPHANBURI, THAILAND USING GIS AND MODFLOW
(2026-01-01)
Tanachaichoksirikun, Pinit
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Sirikaew, Uba
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Seeboonruang, Uma
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Srisuk, Jutamas
This study focuses on groundwater recharge estimation and site identification for Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) in Suphanburi, Thailand, an agriculturally intensive region increasingly affected by floods and droughts. An integrated approach combining Geographic Information Systems (GIS), water balance analysis, and groundwater simulation using Visual MODFLOW was applied to assess recharge potential. Key factors, including land use, slope, and hydrogeology, were analyzed to delineate 5 suitable recharge zones. Field data from 13 observation wells collected between 2014 and 2024 were used to calibrate and validate the groundwater model. The model has high accuracy with R<sup>2</sup> values of 0.983 (Calibration) and 0.992 (Validation), and normalized RMSEs of 5.97% and 5.20%, respectively. The result showed that the highest recharge rates were 343.42 and 320.39 m<sup>3</sup>/day, observed in urban and industrial zones near the Tha Chin River, with capacities sufficient to support over 1,600 people. This research provides a practical and replicable framework for MAR site selection and implementation, supporting data-driven water management strategies in flood and drought-prone regions.
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Design and Implementation of a Hybrid Real-Time Salinity Intrusion Monitoring and Early Warning System for Bang Kachao, Thailand
(2025-07-01)
Seeboonruang, Uma
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Tanachaichoksirikun, Pinit
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Anuwongpinit, Thanavit
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Sirikaew, Uba
Salinity intrusion is a growing threat to freshwater resources, particularly in low-lying coastal and estuarine regions, necessitating the development of effective early warning systems (EWS) to support timely mitigation. Although various water quality monitoring technologies exist, many face challenges related to long-term sustainability, ongoing maintenance, and accessibility for local users. This study introduces a novel hybrid real-time salinity intrusion early warning system that uniquely integrates fixed and portable monitoring technologies with strong community participation—an approach not yet widely applied in comparable urban-adjacent delta regions. Unlike traditional systems, this model emphasizes local ownership, flexible data collection, and system scalability in resource-constrained environments. This study presents a real-time salinity intrusion early warning system for Bang Kachao, Thailand, combining eight fixed monitoring stations and 20 portable salinity measurement devices. The system was developed in response to community needs, with local input guiding both station placement and the design of mobile measurement tools. By integrating fixed stations for continuous, high-resolution data collection with portable devices for flexible, on-demand monitoring, the system achieves comprehensive spatial coverage and adaptability. A core innovation lies in its emphasis on community participation, enabling villagers to actively engage in monitoring and decision-making. The use of IoT-based sensors, Remote Telemetry Units (RTUs), and cloud-based data platforms further enhances system reliability, efficiency, and accessibility. Automated alerts are issued when salinity thresholds are exceeded, supporting timely interventions. Field deployment and testing over a seven-month period confirmed the system’s effectiveness, with fixed stations achieving 90.5% accuracy and portable devices 88.7% accuracy in detecting salinity intrusions. These results underscore the feasibility and value of a hybrid, community-driven monitoring approach for protecting freshwater resources and building local resilience in vulnerable regions.
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FLOOD AND DROUGHT PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT IN THE BANG PAKONG RIVER BASIN USING THE WEIGHED FACTOR INDEX METHOD
(2025-01-01)
Tanachaichoksirikun, Pinit
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Jiao, Jinghan
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Sirikaew, Uba
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Seeboonruang, Uma
This research is dedicated to forecasting flood and drought assessment in the Bang Pakong River Basin through a weighted factor index method. The study employed geographic information systems to prioritize and create hazard maps. The maps integrated both natural elements, for example, average annual rainfall, temperature, terrain slope, and forest area, as well as human-made elements such as land use, water body, and irrigation area. The Gumbel distribution method was used to generate the future rainfall and temperature. The study predicts future flood and drought assessment areas based on maximum average precipitation and temperature. The findings reveal a distributed spectrum of risk levels, ranging from no risk to very high risk. Currently, moderate risks of floods and droughts exist in certain areas. However, projections indicate a significant increase in flood-prone regions over 5-year, 10-year, and 15-year return periods, attributed to escalating average rainfall. Conversely, while drought-prone areas encompass approximately 27.5% of the watershed, there is a notable rise in high-risk zones alongside a decrease in moderate-risk areas due to rising temperatures. These insights underscore the imperative of proactive interventions to address the escalating threats posed by floods and droughts in the Bang Pakong River Basin.
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MANAGED AQUIFER RECHARGE FEASIBILITY USING WEIGHT FACTOR INDEX METHOD IN SUPHANBURI, THAILAND
(2025-01-01)
Tanachaichoksirikun, Pinit
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Xiao, Xi
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Sirikaew, Uba
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Seeboonruang, Uma
Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) is a technique used to intentionally enhance groundwater recharge by directing surface water or treated wastewater into underground aquifers. MAR offers several advantages for sustainable water resources management and ecosystems, namely, groundwater replenishment, drought resilience, and flood protection. Suphanburi Thailand faced challenges related to both floods and droughts because of variable rainfall patterns and hydrological conditions. Then, MAR is a good challenge for flood control and drought protection. This research aims to develop the model and find the optimal location and recharge type for set-managed aquifer recharge in Suphanburi, Thailand. Data, such as climate, land used, hydrology, and hydrogeology were carried out and provided the optional location to construct MAR. The model was developed using the Weight Factor Index Method. The results revealed that the suitable location for MAR was in the Tha Chin River area, due to the high rainfall, which allows for the storage of large quantities of water during the rainy season in the MAR in the event of groundwater shortages. Proper recharge of the river can dilute contaminants in groundwater and improve groundwater quality. The findings provided valuable guidelines for planners, decision-makers, and hydrogeologists in designing future artificial recharge projects within a similar area, ensuring a reliable water supply and the sustainable use of groundwater over the long term. In conclusion, the integration of WFI and GIS is recognized as an effective method for limited data, and location, and reducing errors.
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ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO GROUNDWATER MODELING IN DATA-DEFICIENT REGIONS
(2025-01-01)
Tanachaichoksirikun, Pinit
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Srisuk, Jutamas
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Sirikaew, Uba
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Seeboonruang, Uma
Groundwater modeling served as a valuable tool for understanding groundwater flow patterns and systems. In the lack of observational data region, the complexity of the groundwater aquifer posed challenges, limiting the accuracy of real-time predictions of groundwater levels. To address this problem, alternative approaches must be devised to effectively calculate groundwater flow and budget. This entails leveraging factors such as the environment, geological characteristics, as well as recharge and discharge areas to align with regional groundwater flow theories. In this study, a three-dimensional groundwater simulation model was employed to develop groundwater flow and budget using data available in 2023. The model calibration and validation processes demonstrated a close correspondence between observed and simulated hydraulic head data. Sensitivity analysis revealed that boundaries and recharge significantly influenced model outcomes. The water budget conducted under steady flow conditions highlighted the lateral groundwater inflow in the aquifer layer as a crucial recharge component. Additionally, groundwater flow from recharge to discharge zones emerged as a pivotal aspect, particularly in areas with intensive development activities. These findings held implications for groundwater management models, serving as indispensable tools for informed decision-making and alternative considerations.
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PERMEABILITY OF THE DIKE 1’S MATERIALS OF KAENG KRACHAN DAM, THAILAND
(2022-02-01)
Sirikaew, Uba
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Hopeancharoen, Witthawin
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Seeboonruang, Uma
Dike 1 of Kaeng Krachan Dam located in Phetchaburi province of Thailand constructed in 1966 with a reservoir capacity of 710 million m3. This large-scale project provides more than 55 years of irrigation and flood protection. Risk evaluation of dam is needed to be performed. The calibration of engineering properties of the Dike 1 is conducted because there is no database of those properties. The existing Dike 1 cross-section is a soil model, used for calculation. Piezometric level and flow rate obtained from the dam instruments were calibrated with the hydraulic head and the flow rate was determined by the SEEP/W model. The permeability coefficient of the Dike 1 materials can be analyzed by the calibration technique. The data of the dam instruments are helpful information, and the computer program is friendly to use. The coefficient of permeability of the soil of the Dike 1 of Kaeng Krachan Dam is determined and applied to risk analysis.
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Impact of climate change on soil erosion in the lam phra phloeng watershed
(2020-12-01)
Sirikaew, Uba
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Seeboonruang, Uma
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Tanachaichoksirikun, Pinit
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Wattanasetpong, Jatuwat
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Chulkaivalsucharit, Virun
Soil erosion plays a vital role in reducing reservoir capacity. The Lam Phra Phloeng (LPP) dams were built for flood protection and irrigation. However, they have experienced reservoir sedimentation, and the capacity of the reservoir has decreased. The surrounding soil surface was easily eroded and transported by heavy rainfall and surface runoff to streams and eventually into the reservoir. Understanding this soil erosion and sedimentation is necessary for preventing further decline of reservoir capacity and water management. This research aims to estimate long-term average annual soil erosion and predict sediment yield in the reservoir due to climate change. The methodology is determined soil loss parameters and sediment yield using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) with the Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR). The USLE and SDR methods differed from field data, with an average absolute error of 4.0%. The Global Climatic Model, Institute Pierre Simon Laplace-Climate Model version 5A (IPSL-CM5A-MR), with Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5, was downscaled and analyzed to forecast future rainfall in the watershed. The high intensity of rainfall contributed to higher soil erosion, in RCP 8.5. Interestingly, the high and very high-risk areas increased, but the moderate risk area declined, indicating that the moderate risk area should be a priority in land management. However, the heavy rainfall and high slope gradient led to a slight increase in the soil erosion in some areas because the land covers were evergreen and deciduous forest. The prediction of sediment yield was positively correlated with the intensity of rainfall in the central part of the watershed, because the rainfall and runoff led the sediment to the river and streams, indicating that the land cover should be managed to prevent capacity decline.

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