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In-cylinder combustion and emission characteristics of a 3L compression ignition engine using pure biodiesel fuel blended with 5% ethanol
(2026-04-01)
Suteerapongpun, Teerapat
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Huynh, Trung An
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Aung, Sonekhar Jarring
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Thin, Myat Hsu
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Thaeviriyakul, Poonnut
This study investigates the combustion performance, efficiency, and emission characteristics of four fuel blends—B7 (7% biodiesel), B100 (pure biodiesel), B100E5 (95% biodiesel + 5% ethanol), and B100E10 (90% biodiesel + 10% ethanol)—in a light-duty diesel engine. Experiments were conducted on an engine dynamometer under varying loads (84, 112, and 140 Nm) and speeds (1600, 1800, and 2000 rpm) to assess in-cylinder pressure, temperature, engine efficiencies, and emissions. The results demonstrate that the oxygenated B100Es blend achieves superior combustion performance, exhibiting higher peak in-cylinder pressures and temperatures than conventional B7, attributable to enhanced oxygen availability, which promotes more complete fuel oxidation. This translates to an improvement in indicated thermal efficiency despite its lower calorific value relative to B7. B100 demonstrates distinct advantages in mechanical efficiency at higher engine speeds, attributed to its superior lubricity. The study provides quantitative evidence that a strategic blend of biodiesel with ethanol can effectively balance the often-competing objectives of combustion efficiency and emission reduction in modern diesel engines. The average brake thermal efficiencies of B7, B100, B100E5, and B100E10 are approximately 35.8, 36.4, 37.7, and 37.2%, respectively. Additionally, the average smoke intensities of B7, B100, B100E5, and B100E10 are approximately 0.211, 0.075, 0.042, and 0.038%/kW, respectively.
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Particle emission and thermal efficiency analysis of a diesel vehicle using biodiesel and a platinum metallic partial-flow particulate filter
(2025-01-01)
Dang, Huy Quang
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Phyo, Mi Zwe Mon
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Thaeviriyakul, Poonnut
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Cosh, Plan Teekatasn
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Srilomsak, Mek
Harmful emissions from diesel vehicles, particularly unmodified ones, pose significant concerns for human health and the environment, underscoring the urgency to address these issues. This study investigated the effects of commercial fuels, B10, B20, and biodiesel B100, used with a metallic partial-flow catalyzed diesel particulate filter (P-CDPF), on a light-duty unmodified diesel vehicle's thermal efficiency and emissions characteristics. The initial test was conducted on a chassis dynamometer to measure the fuel flow rates at three different engine speeds, 1500, 2000, and 2500 rpm, with four loads, 84, 112, 140, and 160 Nm. This was done to evaluate brake-specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency under steady-state conditions. The second test followed the new European driving cycle to examine emission factors of regulated pollutants under both urban and highway driving conditions. The results indicated that BSFC values increased with the biodiesel ratio in the blends, attributed to lower heating values. However, higher oxygen contents with increasing biodiesel ratios led to more complete combustion and improved brake thermal efficiency. Installation of a P-CDPF had a minimal impact, resulting in less than a 3.4% increase in the BSFC and a 1% decrease in brake thermal efficiency across all tested fuels, owing to its relatively low pressure drop. Increasing the biodiesel ratio from B10 and B20 to B100 resulted in reductions of up to 32% of particulate mass and 45% of particulate number in vehicle emissions. P-CDPF installation further reduced particulate mass by over 60% and particulate number by 36% across all tested fuels, demonstrating its effectiveness in trapping and passively oxidizing particulate matter. Furthermore, the P-CDPF significantly reduced harmful gases with addition of a catalytic coating. A combination of a P-CDPF and commercial biodiesel fuels emerges as an effective solution for reducing regulated emissions from unmodified diesel vehicles.
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Effect of a retrofitted metallic microfiber partial flow diesel particulate filter on a light duty diesel vehicle particle emission characteristics
(2024-02-01)
Mon Phyo, Mi Zwe
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Phairote, Watanyoo
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Srilomsak, Mek
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Charoenphonphanich, Chinda
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Masomtob, Manop
This study was conducted two distinct experiments, using a light-duty diesel vehicle at various engine speeds and loads as well as the new European driving cycle (NEDC) comparing commercial diesel fuel (B7) and pure biodiesel (B100). The NEDC involves a combination of urban and extra urban driving conditions. It aims to study a diesel vehicle's thermal efficiency as well as its gaseous and particulate matter (PM) emissions. This involves comparing results with and with no diesel oxidative catalyst (DOC) and a partial flow diesel particulate filter (PDPF) system. The surface morphology, micro- and nanostructure of a diesel vehicle's PM were also examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to determine nanostructural and dimensional changes after mounting a DOC-PDPF system. Comparison of B7 and B100 combustion showed that B100 had around 1 % increase in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) at 1500 and 2000 rpm compared to B7 since B100 is a more oxygenated biofuel. At 2500 rpm, similar BTE values were observed. Introduction of a DOC-PDPF system resulted in an approximately 1 % BTE reduction for both fuels. This was due to greater friction losses caused by backpressure from the DOC-PDPF system. Increased exhaust backpressure was progressive, ranging from 1 kPa at idle speed to 6 kPa at high engine speeds for both tested fuels. The DOC-PDPF system respectively minimized PM emissions and particle numbers (PNs) by more than 50 % and 35 % for B7 and 71 % and 31 % for B100. These results are average values under the various phases of NEDC testing. A 30 % decrease in PM and a 44 % reduction in PNs under the overall test cycle were found when B100 was tested compared to B7. The soot primary particle size was reduced from 34.69 to 29.08 nm and the carbon fringe length diminished from 1.25 to 0.949 nm at different pre- and post-DOC-PDPF locations. This was due to partial oxidation on the surfaces of the PDPF metallic microstructure. PM undergoes simultaneous partial oxidation after passing through the DOC-PDPF system, as confirmed by TGA analysis.
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Experimental investigation of metallic partial-flow particulate filter on a diesel engine's combustion pressure and particle emission
(2023-09-01)
Mon Phyo, Mi Zwe
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Wai, Phyo
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Thin, Myat Hsu
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Oh, Ban Seok
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Phairote, Watanyoo
The study aims to present the combustion and exhaust behaviors of a 3 L, four-cylinder common rail diesel engine with three different kinds of conventional B7 diesel fuels with and without a platinum diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) system and non-catalytic partial flow through a diesel particulate filter (P-DPF). Testing is performed under the three different operating conditions, idle to medium engine loading at 1000, 1500, and 2000 engine revolutions per minute with four different engine torques of 84, 112, 140 and 160 Nm. The surface morphology and agglomerate size of particulate matter (PM), single primary particle analysis as well as the fringe length of the carbon crystallite structure were also examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to achieve a better understanding through image processing. The P-DPF system does not have a significant effect on an engine's in-cylinder combustion characteristics and brake thermal efficiency. The diesel engine's particle emissions are reduced by trapping them on the metallic micro-fibers of a P-DPF. CO<inf>2</inf>, NO, and O<inf>2</inf> levels show that the carbonaceous particle emissions on the micro-structure of the P-DPF passively react with NO<inf>2</inf> and O<inf>2</inf>. Consequently, diesel engine particle emissions can be reduced by around 50% using a P-DPF system under the experimental conditions of the current study.
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Physicochemical characteristics of ashes deposited on a wall flow diesel particulate filter of compression ignition engine
(2023-06-01)
Rodvanna, Sattatad
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Srilomsak, Mek
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Nuthong, Chaiwat
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Charoenphanich, Chinda
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Masomtob, Manop
The investigation of physicochemical characteristics of metal oxide ashes, deposited on a diesel particulate filter, was conducted using electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-Ray fluorescence, and X-Ray diffractometry techniques. Iron is the main component of deposited ash on the DPF, and other ash components consisted of elements such as silicon, calcium, copper, sulfur, phosphorus, zinc, aluminum and minor chromium. It was clarified that this metal oxide ash has catalytic effect that contributed to an enhancement of soot oxidation. The apparent activation energies of soot oxidation on SiC powder and metal oxide ashes powder are approximately 169 and 135 kJ/mol, respectively.
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Effect of Metallic Microfiber Flow Through Diesel Particulate Filter System on Diesel Engine’s Particle Emission Physicochemical Characteristics
(2023-03-01)
Oh, Ban seok
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Thaeviriyakul, Poonnut
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Phairote, Watanyoo
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Srilomsak, Mek
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Charoenphonphanich, Chinda
It is well known that particulate matter (PM) from diesel compression ignition engines is harmful to the environment and to human health. To reduce engine PM emissions, exhaust after-treatment systems are utilized. A basic high-performance system can be composed of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and diesel particulate filter (DPF). This study used a system composed of a DOC and a partial flow DPF. Partial flow refers to how only a portion of the exhaust gas is filtered using metal fibrous filters instead of the full flow using ceramic filters. The PM deposited on the side wall of the stages of the system was investigated with respect to elemental composition, morphology, and nanostructure. This was to determine the effect of each component on the PM. The elemental composition analysis found traces of the engine lubricant oil in the PM collected before entering the DOC. This was then eliminated by the DOC and the remaining PM was not significantly impacted by the exhaust after-treatment system. The morphology and nanostructure show an interesting relationship where the size of the single primary particles increased while the graphitic nature of the carbon in the PM seemed to decrease. This can be explained by the simultaneous nature of partial trapping and partial oxidation that occurs in the partial-flow DPF. The emission measurements of opacity, temperature, CO<inf>2</inf>, NO, and O<inf>2</inf> from each position also support this.
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Characterization of biodiesels and tire derived particulate matters in morphology and nanostructure
(2022-01-01)
Oh, Ban seok
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Karin, Preechar
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Srilomsak, Mek
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Chonvasin, Kritin
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Po-ngen, Watcharin
Particulate Matters (PM) are known to be dangerous to human health and the environment. Regulations have been set to limit PM levels from vehicles, including compression ignition engine vehicles. The effect of increasing biodiesel content in the fuels has been investigated with respect to the PM using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). PM from tire emissions were compared against diesel PM using SEM, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), TEM, particle size analysis, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy (RS). The SEM and TEM show that increasing the biodiesel content decreased the size of the PM agglomerate particles, primary particles, and fringes. The EDS, RS, and XRD show that Tire PM are mostly carbon with silicon, calcium, zinc, and other various trace elements. They also allow comparisons with diesel PM for the carbon nanostructure. The particle size analysis shows that Tire PM are generally larger than engine derived PM. The TEM showed that the nanostructure of the carbonaceous Tire PM was the same fringe structure as the engine derived PM. The Tire PM was successfully characterized using similar methods as engine derived soot. There is strong relationship between the increasing of biodiesel content and reduction of agglomerate size, primary particle size and average fringe length.
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Reduction of Diesel Engine's Particulate Matters using Retrofit CeO2Diesel Oxidative Catalyst and Partial Flow Diesel Particulate Filter System
(2022-01-01)
Liu, Hai
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Charoenphonphanich, Chinda
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Karin, Preechar
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Srilomsak, Mek
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Srimanosaowapak, Sompong
In this research, CeO2 was chosen for the DOC catalyst. Moreover, a partial-flow DPF was installed after DOC. The exhaust gas experiment was conducted at 20% - 50% engine load varying 1000,1500, and 2000 rpm of engine speed. The research results show that NOx reduced around 25% with CeO2 DOC and DPF systems at higher engine load. On the other hand, particulate matters decrease around 65% after CeO2 DOC and DPF systems. Furthermore, CO and HC amount were substantially reduced after applying after-treatment systems. According to fuel consumption, BSFC, and BTE results, the after-treatment system has no significant impact on engine performance.
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Total energy requirement for hydrogen production reactor using various porous media materials
(2015-01-01)
Srilomsak, Mek
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Aungkharuengrattana, Waroht
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Sesuk, Thanathon
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Charoensuk, Jarruwat
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Charochrojkul, Sumittra
In a hydrogen production reactor, combustion of LPG was used as a heat source for ethanol steam reforming. For such purpose, the operating temperature was required to be around 700-900 °C along the entire height of the reactor. Various types of porous media materials were used as a heat transfer media, i.e. 25mm ceramic saddles, random size bio-filter media from MTEC, ceramic foam, and ceramic balls. The objective of this study was to obtain the practical amount of total energy input, to compare with theoretical calculation which can achieve the required temperature of ethanol steam reforming for the hydrogen production. From our experiments, 13.20 kW of energy was needed to fulfill the requirement of the reactor, while only 2.49 kW was expected from theoretical calculation. Most energy loss was due mainly to: 1) heat loss at the top of the reactor where the metal part was directly exposed to the environment, 2) a large amount of energy loss at the furnace stack and, 3) insufficient mixing at the early stage of combustion at the bottom of the furnace as noticed by high CO concentration in flue gas. The porous media material has a significant effect on temperature distribution and energy consumption. The results show that the use of ceramic saddles as porous media consume more energy than the ceramic foam and the bio-filter media mixed with ceramic saddles during the start-up period of the reactor.

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