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    Effectiveness of elephant grass roots in improving soil shear strength for slope reinforcement
    (2025-09-01)
    Munirwan, Reza Pahlevi
    ;
    Milasafarah, Syarifah
    ;
    Sungkar, Munira
    ;
    Gunawan, Hendra
    ;
    Jaya, Ramadhansyah Putra
    Slope instability and landslides remain major geotechnical concerns in tropical regions, where intense rainfall, high humidity, and extensive human activities such as deforestation and poor land management accelerate erosion and ground failure. As a sustainable alternative to conventional engineering solutions, vegetation-based methods have gained increasing attention, particularly for their ability to reinforce soil through root systems. This study investigates the potential of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) roots to enhance the shear strength of tropical soils for slope stabilization. Soil samples categorized as silty sand, clayey sand, and clay were collected and subjected to laboratory testing. Roots were added at varying proportions (0.1 %, 0.3 %, and 0.5 %) and lengths (2 cm and 3 cm), and samples were tested using direct shear tests to determine their mechanical behavior. Root tensile strength was also evaluated to assess its contribution to soil reinforcement. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the microstructural interactions between roots and soil particles. The results revealed significant improvements in cohesion and internal friction angles, with optimal reinforcement observed at 0.3 % root content and 3 cm root length, especially in clay (cohesion = 0.61 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>, friction angle = 12.56°) and clayey sand (cohesion = 0.76 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>, friction angle = 13.29°). SEM analysis confirmed effective physical bonding and interlocking between roots and soil matrices. These findings show that elephant grass roots are an effective, eco-friendly solution for stabilizing landslide-prone soils, supporting bioengineering research and guiding future field validation and long-term performance studies.
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    Effect of free oxygen radical anions and free electrons in a Ca12Al14O33 cement structure on its optical, electronic and antibacterial properties
    (2019-05-01)
    Phrompet, Chaiwat
    ;
    Sriwong, Chaval
    ;
    Srepusharawoot, Pornjuk
    ;
    Maensiri, Santi
    ;
    Chindaprasirt, Prinya
    The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of free oxygen radicals and free electrons in a Ca<inf>12</inf>Al<inf>14</inf>O<inf>33</inf> (C12A7) cement structure on the optical, electronic and antibacterial activity of this material. Ca<inf>12</inf>Al<inf>14</inf>O<inf>33</inf> was successfully fabricated via rapid heating to high temperatures by high frequency electromagnetic induction. Ca<inf>12</inf>Al<inf>14</inf>O<inf>33</inf> cement samples were characterized using XRD and UV-Vis-DRS spectroscopy. The morphology and chemical composition of the samples were also investigated using SEM and EDS techniques. The presence of free oxygen radicals (O<inf>2</inf> <sup>−</sup>ions) in the insulating structure of Ca<inf>12</inf>Al<inf>14</inf>O<inf>33</inf> was confirmed using Raman spectroscopy showing a spectrum peak at 1067 cm<sup>−1</sup>. The excitation of free electrons in the Ca<inf>12</inf>Al<inf>14</inf>O<inf>33</inf> cement was indicated by UV-Vis absorption spectra at 2.8 eV and an optical energy gap of 3.5 eV, which is consistent with the first-principles calculations for the band energy level. The effects of free oxygen radicals and free electrons in the Ca<inf>12</inf>Al<inf>14</inf>O<inf>33</inf> structure as antibacterial agents against Escherichia Coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus Aureus (S. aureus) were investigated using an agar disk-diffusion method. The presence of O<inf>2</inf> <sup>−</sup> anions as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the surface of Ca<inf>12</inf>Al<inf>14</inf>O<inf>33</inf> caused inhibition of E. coli and S. aureus cells. The free electrons in the conducting C12A7 reacted with O<inf>2</inf> gas to produce ROS, specifically super oxides (O<inf>2</inf> <sup>−</sup>), superoxide radicals (O<inf>2</inf> <sup>•-</sup>), hydroxyl radicals (OH<sup>•</sup>) and hydrogen peroxide (H<inf>2</inf>O<inf>2</inf>), which exhibited antibacterial properties. Both mechanisms were active against bacteria without effects from nano-particle sized materials and photocatalytic activity. The experimental results showed that the production of ROS from free electrons was greater than that of the free O<inf>2</inf> <sup>−</sup> anions in the structure of Ca<inf>12</inf>Al<inf>14</inf>O<inf>33</inf>. The antibacterial actions for insulating and conducting Ca<inf>12</inf>Al<inf>14</inf>O<inf>33</inf> were different for E. coli and S. aureus. Thus, Ca<inf>12</inf>Al<inf>14</inf>O<inf>33</inf> cement has antibacterial properties that do not require the presence of nano-particle sizes materials or photocatalysis.