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    Facile engineering of the 2D flaky structured bismuth yttrium oxide for the electrochemical detection of carbofuran in staple food samples
    (2025-12-01)
    Agalya, Mahalingam
    ;
    Meenakshi, Ganesh Abinaya
    ;
    Sakthinathan, Subramanian
    ;
    Nataraj, Nandini
    ;
    Chiu, Te Wei
    The detection of carbofuran (CBF), a highly toxic pesticide, is essential for safeguarding environmental and agricultural systems. In this study, bismuth yttrium oxide (BYO) was synthesized as a new sensor material and employed for the electrochemical monitoring of CBF. Comprehensive characterization using physicochemical analysis revealed a flaky, irregular plate-like morphology with a significant surface area and numerous active sites, contributing to its excellent electrocatalytic properties. Electrochemical techniques, including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), were utilized to assess the material's performance. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirmed a low charge transfer resistance (R<inf>ct</inf>) of 37 Ω, signifying effective electron transfer at the electrode interface. The BYO-modified glassy carbon electrode (BYO/GCE) demonstrated an outstanding sensitivity of 8.9 μA μM<sup>−1</sup> cm<sup>−2</sup>, with a dynamic linear range of 0.09 to 1179.34 μM for CBF in 0.01 M phosphate-buffered solution with pH about 7.0. It achieved an impressive limit of detection (LOD) of 0.0048 μM (4.8 nM) and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.016 μM. The sensor's practical applicability was validated through the successful detection of CBF in spiked agricultural crop samples, underscoring its potential for real-world environmental and food safety monitoring. This work introduces BYO as a novel and highly effective material for electrochemical sensing, offering an innovative approach to pesticide detection in agricultural applications.
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    A novel photocatalyst of Y2O3-BaO-ZnO ternary system for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of carbofuran insecticide
    (2024-08-01)
    Sujinnapram, Supphadate
    ;
    Krobthong, Sucheewan
    ;
    Moungsrijun, Sasimonton
    ;
    Boonruang, Chatdanai
    ;
    Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
    A novel Y<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-BaO-ZnO ternary system was synthesized via precipitation of a mixture of Y(NO<inf>3</inf>)<inf>3</inf>.6 H<inf>2</inf>O:Ba(NO<inf>3</inf>)<inf>2</inf>:Zn(NO<inf>3</inf>)<inf>2</inf>.6 H<inf>2</inf>O using some Fibonacci sequences. The Y<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-BaO-ZnO was applied to the photocatalyst to investigate the degradation of carbofuran insecticide. The Y<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-BaO-ZnO prepared at the sequence ratio of 5:8:13 (YBZ5) exhibited the highest photocatalytic performance. Morphological characterization showed that the particle size of the YBZ5 sample was significantly smaller than that of ZnO by over half, possibly providing high surface areas. The crystalline structure, functional group, and surface chemical composition investigations confirmed the presence of Y<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>, BaO, and ZnO. The fluorescence study exhibited no difference. Based on band gap energy and energy band alignment analysis, the Y<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-BaO-ZnO ternary system demonstrated a well-aligned valence band. The energy band alignment analysis revealed a good alignment of the valence band for continuous hole transport in the Y<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-BaO-ZnO ternary system. The alignment induces charge separation which reduces recombination and provides efficient active carriers at the surfaces of the photocatalyst, allowing reactions with toxic molecules. Therefore, the synergistic function of high surface areas and appropriate energy band alignments of the novel Y<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-BaO-ZnO ternary system is considered the crucial factor in the enhancement of photocatalytic performance.