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Effect of lactic acid bacteria inoculation and urea on fermentation quality and aerobic stability of sugarcane top silage
(2026-12-01)
Bureenok, Smerjai
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Pitiwittayakul, Nittaya
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Saenmahayak, Benya
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Sun, Lin
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Lukkananukool, Achara
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum ST1 and Limosilactobacillus fermentum G3 and their combination with urea on the aerobic stability of sugarcane tops silages. The fermentation profile was not affected by the interaction between urea and lactic acid bacteria (LAB), except for the lactic acid content (P = 0.012). Lactic acid content was higher in LAB silage (P = 0.008). The use of urea resulted in higher levels of pH value, butyric acid, and ammonia-nitrogen compared to LAB. The addition of urea increased the crude protein, and fiber content in silage and decreased the in vitro dry matter digestibility of silage by 7.1% (P < 0.001). In the urea-treated silages, the pH values remained stable, and the yeast counts remained low during five days of air exposure. In contrast, yeast counts increased in the silages without urea treatment, irrespective of the use of LAB. Clostridium sensu stricto 12 was found exclusively in urea-treated silages. The use of LAB additives without urea appears to be advantageous for the fermentation process of sugarcane tops silage. Despite improving the aerobic stability, the addition of urea is not warranted because it results in a poor-quality silage.
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Fungal biotransformation of okara into functional food: Comparative species-dependent metabolomic and antioxidant profiles
(2026-01-01)
Farniga, Analdi
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Pinsirodom, Praphan
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Wattanachaisaereekul, Songsak
AbstractOkara, a nutrient-dense by-product of soybean processing, is abundantly produced in many Asian countries and holds significant potential for multiple purposes. Solid-state fungal fermentation represents a promising approach to improve its nutritional quality and functional properties; however, there is currently no research available on how fungal starter selection shapes the metabolites in the final product. This study aimed to investigate and compare the metabolite profiles of okara fermented using five different fungi: three species of Rhizopus (Rhizopus microsporus, Rhizopus oligosporus, and Rhizopus oryzae), Aspergillus oryzae, and Neurospora sitophila. Increased glucan content, which represents the fungal biomass, was observed after all fermentation periods (24 h for Rhizopus spp.; 48 h for A. oryzae; 72 h for N. sitophila). The highest glucan content, at 9.07% w/w, was achieved after fermentation with N. sitophila, representing an 11.20-fold increase, with α-glucan accounting for 6.38%. Meanwhile, R. microsporus yielded the highest β-glucan content at 5.93%, achieving a 20.45-fold increase. The LC-MS results showed that each starter facilitated the expression of different metabolites. A total of 181 metabolites were detected, with Rhizopus spp. notably producing 49–61 unique metabolites, while A. oryzae and N. sitophila distinctively resulted in formation of betaine and L-glutamic acid. In addition, fungal-fermented okara exhibited elevation of phenolic compounds by 2.19- to 4.13-fold and correspondingly possessed superior antioxidant properties compared to non-fermented okara. All told, the present study provides substantial information on considerations in fungal starter selection for fermenting okara.
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Biogenic synthesis and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) produced by Phomopsis sp. strain GFPA2
(2018-01-01)
Sutjaritvorakul, Thanawat
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Chutipaijit, Sutee
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have many applications in different fields such as electronic industries, chemical industries, medical diagnostics and detergent products. In this research AgNPs were produced by Phomopsis sp. GFPA2 isolated from zinc mineral rocks, and were successfully synthesized by using fungal culture broth. The biogenic crystals were investigated and identified by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The spectra confirmed that the biogenic crystals were AgNPs, and they are mostly spherical in shape. The crystals were also tested for their antibacterial activity against human pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli ATCC 27853, Pseudomonas aerogenosa ATCC 27853, Bacillus cereus ATCC 6633 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25623. The result showed that the biogenic AgNPs can inhibit the growth of both Gram positive and Gram negative pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, these biogenic AgNPs could be used to treat the infection caused by human pathogenic bacteria.
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Solubilization and bioprecipitation of zinc oxide nanoparticles by fungi isolated from zinc sulfide mineral ores
(2017-01-01)
Sutjaritvorakul, Thanawat
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Chutipaijit, Sutee
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Sihanonth, Prakitsin
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is an insoluble form, which often means less bioavailable to the organisms. Seven fungal isolates were isolated from zinc sulfide mineral ores (sphalerite) and obtained from Padaeng Industry in Tak province, Thailand. They were examined for the ability to solubilize and precipitate zinc oxide nanoparticles. Fungal isolates were grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium supplemented with 0.5% (w/v) zinc oxide nanoparticles. Among tested fungal strains, Aspergillus Niger showed the highest efficiency for solubilizing zinc oxide nanoparticles. Biomineral crystals were observed in zinc oxide nanoparticles-containing agar medium underneath colonies of Aspergillus Niger. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) studies revealed that the biomineral crystals are zinc oxalate hydrate (C<inf>2</inf>O<inf>2</inf>Zn•2H<inf>2</inf>O). It would be suggested that this fungal strain has potential biotechnological application in agricultural practice and heavy metal bioremediation.
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The genus Inocybe (Inocybaceae, Agaricales, Basidiomycota) in Thailand and Malaysia
(2015-10-13)
Horak, Egon
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Matheny, P. Brandon
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Desjardin, Dennis E.
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Soytong, K.
Twenty-five species of Inocybaceae are reported from Thailand and Malaysia. Thirteen are described as new from four different major clades of the family: I. errata from the Mallocybe clade, I. bicolorata and I. proxima from the Inosperma clade, I. neglecta from the Pseudosperma clade, and I. brevisquamulosa, I. fragilissima, I. latibulosa, I. lineata, I. ornata, I. parvibulbosa, I. pileosulcata, I stellata and I. thailandica from Inocybe sensu stricto. Nineteen species are documented in full, circumscribed by morphological and molecular (ITS and nLSU sequences) features. Six additional lineages are depicted in a molecular phylogenetic context but at present lack sufficient morphological data for complete description. Illustrations of anatomical features, photographs of basidiomes, and SEM images of basidiospores are presented. A key to 19 species of Inocybaceae from Thailand and Malaysia is provided.
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Antioxidant Properties derived from Stromata of Xylaria species collected from Tropical Forest in Thailand
(2015-03-01)
Orachaipunlap, Krittapong
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Suwannasai, Nuttika
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Chutipaijit, Sutee
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Whalley, Anthony J.S.
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Sihanonth, Prakitsin
Fungi in the genus Xylaria are common wood decay fungi. They have been shown to be potential sources of novel natural products for utilization in medicine, agriculture and industry. In this study, stromata of Xylaria spp. were collected from Trat Agroforestry Research and Training Station. Fresh specimens of Xylaria spp. were cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) for 14 days and then transferred to Malt Extract Broth (MEB). All isolates were cultured under static condition for 6 weeks and extracted with ethyl acetate. Antioxidant properties of stromatic Xylaria spp. were determined in vitro by ABTS and DPPH assays. Free radical scavenging was recorded by Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) in ABTS assay and EC<inf>50</inf> in DPPH assay. The ethyl acetate extracts of four stromatic Xylaria spp. (TR25, TR34, TR46 and TR51) showed strong activities against both ABTS (TEAC 20.7±0.08, 15.16+0.03, 11 ±0.03 and 19.66±0.11 μM Trolox respectively) and DPPH assay (EC<inf>50</inf> 36.92±0.96, 70.53±1.04, 102±2.67 and 49.08 ±1.74 μL respectively). The correlation coefficients from regression analysis showed a positive correlation between total phenolic/flavonoid contents and TEAC for ABTS assay of all crudes extracted and showed a negative correlation between total phenolic/flavonoid contents and the EC<inf>50</inf> for DPPH radical scavenging. Moreover, GC/MS results are indicated the various phenolic compounds in selected crude extracts. In conclusion, cultures obtained from stromata of Xylaria spp. may have potential as natural antioxidant products.
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Out of the Palaeotropics? Historical biogeography and diversification of the cosmopolitan ectomycorrhizal mushroom family Inocybaceae
(2009-04-01)
Matheny, P. Brandon
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Aime, M. Catherine
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Bougher, Neale L.
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Buyck, Bart
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Desjardin, Dennis E.
Aim The ectomycorrhizal (ECM) mushroom family Inocybaceae is widespread in north temperate regions, but more than 150 species are encountered in the tropics and the Southern Hemisphere. The relative roles of recent and ancient biogeographical processes, relationships with plant hosts, and the timing of divergences that have shaped the current geographic distribution of the family are investigated. Location Africa, Australia, Neotropics, New Zealand, north temperate zone, Palaeotropics, Southeast Asia, South America, south temperate zone. Methods We reconstruct a phylogeny of the Inocybaceae with a geological timeline using a relaxed molecular clock. Divergence dates of lineages are estimated statistically to test vicariance-based hypotheses concerning relatedness of disjunct ECM taxa. A series of internal maximum time constraints is used to evaluate two different calibrations. Ancestral state reconstruction is used to infer ancestral areas and ancestral plant partners of the family. Results The Palaeotropics are unique in containing representatives of all major clades of Inocybaceae. Six of the seven major clades diversified initially during the Cretaceous, with subsequent radiations probably during the early Palaeogene. Vicariance patterns cannot be rejected that involve area relationships for Africa-Australia, Africa-India and southern South America-Australia. Northern and southern South America, Australia and New Zealand are primarily the recipients of immigrant taxa during the Palaeogene or later. Angiosperms were the earliest hosts of Inocybaceae. Transitions to conifers probably occurred no earlier than 65 Ma. Main conclusions The Inocybaceae initially diversified no later than the Cretaceous in Palaeotropical settings, in association with angiosperms. Diversification within major clades of the family accelerated during the Palaeogene in north and south temperate regions, whereas several relictual lineages persisted in the tropics. Both vicariance and dispersal patterns are detected. Species from Neotropical and south temperate regions are largely derived from immigrant ancestors from north temperate or Palaeotropical regions. Transitions to conifer hosts occurred later, probably during the Palaeogene. © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
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Evaluation of the indigenous microorganisms in soilless culture: Occurrence and quantitative characteristics in the different growing systems
(2004-05-03)
Koohakan, Prommart
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Ikeda, Hideo
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Jeanaksorn, Tanimnun
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Tojo, Motoaki
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Kusakari, Shin Ichi
Quantitative characteristics such as population density and population dynamics of the indigenous microorganisms in four types of soilless tomato production systems were investigated. For non-specific genera, the amount of the population of aerobic bacteria and fungi in root was 9.2-10 and 4.2-5.5Logcfug-1, respectively, regardless of the location of samples collected. For the specific genera, however, fluorescent pseudomonads showed the highest population density (5.4Logcfug-1) followed by Fusarium spp. (2.5-3.7Logcfug-1) and Pythium spp. (2.3-2.8Logcfug-1). Population of microorganisms was significantly different between soilless culture systems as well. The coconut-fiber system (organic substrate culture) showed the highest amount of fungi and Fusarium spp., whereas the rockwool system (inorganic substrate culture) contained the highest amount of fluorescent pseudomonads. Solution culture, DFT and NFT, contained higher amounts of Pythium spp. than the substrate cultures throughout the experiment. NFT also contained the largest population of Fusarium spp. compared to the other ones. In population density investigation, aerobic bacteria in roots became equilibrium at 10Logcfug-1 in all systems under investigation, however, fungi tended to increase until the end of experiment. The results indicated the unique indigenous microorganisms population in each soilless system. Also, it revealed that aerobic bacteria could be dominant over fungi in inorganic substrate culture. With further research of beneficial microorganisms to horticultural plants, biological control with reduced fungicide application in soilless culture would be feasible. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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