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    Systemic organization of tetraponera rufonigra (Jerdon, 1851) hymenoptera: Formicidae): Histological observation
    (2020-01-01)
    Somala, Naphat
    ;
    Senarat, Sinlapachai
    ;
    Para, Chamnan
    ;
    Jiraungkoorskul, Wannee
    ;
    Kaneko, Gen
    Tetraponera rufonigra Jerdon, 1851, is one of the most dangerous ants, whose apex of gaster region contains a sting structure with a complex venom gland. Here, we describe the systemic organ system of T. rufonigra using histological techniques. The venom gland of T. rufonigra was located above the mesentero-proctodeal region, which could be histologically classified into two parts; the venom gland reservoir and the venom gland tubes. The venom gland tubes were lined by a simple cuboidal epithelium, whereas the venom gland reservoir was enclosed with simple squamous epithelium. The pygidial gland was localized near the cuticle as clusters, and each of the oval shape pygidial gland cells contained a spherical nucleus surrounded by acidophilic cytoplasm. High magnification observation showed that the integumentary system consists of three layers; epicuticle, exocuticle, and endocuticle. The digestive system was a single narrow tube consisting of the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. Five to six rectal papillae were found in the hindgut. The urinary system was made up of Malpighian tubules, which lined with simple cuboidal epithelium and tracheal embedded in the adipose tissue. The respiratory system was composed of spiracles and trachea adjacent to the integument, all of which were surrounded by a simple squamous epithelium. In the nervous system, several ganglia were found in this study. There were two layers in each ganglion: Outer cortex and inner medullar layers. Several cell types were observed in the cortex layer including the neurosecretory cells, the neuroglia, and neurons. The outcomes of this study could provide a useful basis for future research on the family Formicidae.
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    Combined effects of exogenous enzymes and probiotic on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) growth, intestinal morphology and microbiome
    (2016-10-01)
    Adeoye, Ayodeji A.
    ;
    Yomla, Rungtawan
    ;
    Jaramillo-Torres, Alexander
    ;
    Rodiles, Ana
    ;
    Merrifield, Daniel L.
    A study was carried out to investigate the combined effect of exogenous enzymes and probiotic supplementation on tilapia growth, intestinal morphology and microbiome composition. Tilapia (34.56 ± 0.05 g) were fed one of four diets (35% protein, 5% lipid); one of which was a control and the remaining three diets were supplemented with either enzymes (containing phytase, protease and xylanase), probiotic (containing Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus pumilus) or enz-pro (the combination of the enzymes and probiotic). Tilapia fed diet supplemented with enz-pro performed better (P < 0.05) than tilapia fed the control and probiotic supplemented diets in terms of final body weight (FBW), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER). The dietary treatments did not affect somatic indices. The serum lysozyme activity was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in tilapia fed the probiotic supplemented diet than of those fed the remaining experimental diets. The intestinal perimeter ratio was higher (P < 0.05) in tilapia fed enz-pro supplemented diet when compared to those fed with the control and probiotic supplemented diets. Goblet cells abundance, microvilli diameter and total enterocyte absorptive surface was higher (P < 0.05) in tilapia fed diet supplemented with enz-pro than those fed the control diet. High-throughput sequencing revealed that majority of reads derived from the tilapia digesta belonged to members of Fusobacteria (predominantly Cetobacterium) distantly followed by Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. The alpha and beta diversities did not differ among dietary treatments indicating that the overall microbial community was not modified to a large extent by dietary treatment. In conclusion, supplementation of the diet with a combination of enzymes and probiotic is capable of improving tilapia growth and intestinal morphology without deleterious effect on the intestinal microbial composition. Statement of relevance: 1.Intensive operations in aquaculture are often accompanied by sub-optimum environmental conditions which may be stressful for fish.2.The production of high quality aquafeed with optimal growth and immune boosting effects could benefit intensive aquaculture operations.3.Dietary supplementation of exogenous digestive enzymes and probiotic as a cocktail may result in complimentary mode of action.4.Previous studies did not investigate the combined effects of exogenous digestive enzymes and probiotic on Nile tilapia.