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    Development of a Capacitive Sensing Module to Detect the Concentration of Isopropyl Alcohol for Covid-19 Disinfection Using Small Capacitance to DC Converter
    (2024-01-01)
    Sriratana, Witsarut
    ;
    Faijaree, Manasnit
    ;
    Sriratana, Lerdlekha
    ;
    Satthamsakul, Sutham
    This paper presents the development of a sensing module for analyzing the concentration of disinfectant alcohol commercially available in Thailand during the Covid-19 epidemic situation to ensure the ingredients and percentage concentration by focusing on simplicity, low cost with reliable performance. Under the basic physical structure of the capacitance change [1]-[5], it consists of a New Sensor Module developed to fully interface with the small capacitance to DC converter for capacitive sensor [2] model. Inside the sensing structure, there were 2 modules of metal conductors. Each conductor was 3 mm. thick, placed in parallel with a fixed distance between the module of 1 mm. The cross-sectional areas of the plates of those two modules were different in order to compare the efficiency of the detector developed. The cross-sectional areas of the plates of Module A and B were 4 cm<sup>2</sup> and 1 cm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. Experiments were performed with 3 concentrations of alcohol, 65%, 70% and 75%, to enhance the concentration detecting performance of the sensing module developed. The signal conditioning was generated from a small capacitance to DC converter for capacitive detection with a frequency of 100 kHz, which was the most suitable frequency for exciting the capacitance change which was the capacitive reactance of the alcohol used in this study. From experiments, it was found that the sensing module with a small cross-sectional conductive material would provide more accurate results in terms of linearity and repeatability. The errors were less than 2.72% compared to the module with a large cross-sectional conductor material which would have an error up to 4.73%.
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    Effects of reactor loading and solvent addition on catalyst-free glycerolysis of palm oil
    (2021-01-01)
    Phichaion, Ittirit
    ;
    Sawangkaew, Ruengwit
    ;
    Sakdasri, Winatta
    ;
    Ngamprasertsith, Somkiat
    Glycerol is a by-product of biodiesel production. Every three moles of biodiesel produced, glycerol is released in one mole, which is around 10 wt.% of the total products. The crude glycerol from supercritical transesterification has a higher purity than that from alkaline transesterification. Monoglyceride is an anionic surfactant widely used in many applications. In this work, the glycerolysis reaction of palm oil and glycerol was studied using isopropanol as the solvent. The investigated important parameters in this study were reaction time in range of 30-150 minutes, reactor loading in range of 40-80 %, and molar ratio of isopropanol to glycerol to palm oil in range of 0-30. The glycerol to palm oil molar ratio was constant at 5 to 1. The results showed that parameters affected conversions and yields were reactor loading and solvent addition. The highest monoglyceride yield, 37.4%, was obtained at 260 °C in 150 minutes and 40 % of reactor loading. Molar ratio of glycerol to palm oil to isopropanol is 5:1:15. A central composite design (CCD) of 48 experiments investigated the effects on monoglyceride content (%MG) of temperature (220 to 260 °C), reaction duration (30 to 150 min), and molar ratio of IPA to palm oil (0:1 to 30:1). The %MG was substantially and statistically significantly enhanced (p < 0.0001) at higher temperatures and longer reaction duration. An analysis of variance confirmed that the molar ratio of IPA to palm oil had a much less significant effect (p = 0.0255) on %MG. The crude glycerol obtained from a biodiesel production plant was compared with pure glycerol at the optimal condition. A %MG of 46.58% was observed using crude glycerol as reactant because of the yield-limiting effects of water in crude glycerol.