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Economic and environmental analyses for achieving net-zero CO2 emissions of a green diesel production process
(2024-12-01)
Pongboriboon, Nattapat
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Mariyappan, Vinitha
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Wu, Wei
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Chandra-Ambhorn, Walairat
Background: In this study, palm oil hydrotreating for producing green diesel has been thoroughly explored, emphasizing high yields, reduced environmental impact, and lower energy consumption, particularly with solar collectors. Methods: This study addresses these gaps by evaluating impacts on multiple fronts, including carbon revenue, GHG emissions, and overall environmental effects. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) technique, utilizing the CML method developed by Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden (the Center for Environmental Science at Leiden University, The Netherlands) in SimaPro®, is employed to assess the environmental impact of green diesel production processes. The CML method evaluates environmental impacts through three phases: characterization, which quantifies environmental loads; midpoint, which assesses intermediate impact stages such as global warming potential; and damage, which evaluates potential harm to human health, ecosystems, and resource availability. The scope of work includes simulating the production process and incorporating a CO<inf>2</inf> capture unit with Aspen Plus®. Additionally, kinetic parameters for the palm oil hydrotreating reaction were validated, and energy consumption was optimized using the Aspen Energy Analyzer. Significant findings: The net-zero emissions of the green diesel (GD) production from crude palm oil (CPO) is achieved by using an integration of an evacuated tube solar collector (ETSC), heat exchanger network, and a post-separation CO<inf>2</inf> capture process. Through the life cycle assessment (LCA), the terrestrial ecotoxicity potential (TEIP) is identified as a significant environmental factor due to chemical pesticides used in the oil palm cultivation. The carbon neutrality is validated by producing 1 kg of GD from CPO down to 0.0617 kg total CO<inf>2</inf> emissions since the net CO<inf>2</inf> sequestration for palm oil from oil palm plantation is taken into account. Referring to the Guthrie method, the economic indicators including the net present value (NPV) and the payback period are estimated at around 0.9 M$ in the 15th year and 9 years, respectively, if the CPO purchase price and the GD selling price are assumed to be $0.47/kg CPO and $1.98/kg GD, respectively, and the increased annual carbon credit is taken into account.
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Physical and chemical properties’ comparison of natural ester and palm oil used in a distribution transformer
(2023-03-01)
Kittikhuntharadol, Yannaphol
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Pattanadech, Norasage
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Maneerot, Sakda
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Jongvilaikasem, Korraya
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Jariyanurat, Kittipod
Because of its low cost and suitable qualities, mineral oil (MO) has been commonly employed in transformers. Alternative liquid insulations with great characteristics have recently been presented. Natural ester (NE) and palm oil (PO) are considered alternative liquid insulations. This paper aims to study the physical and chemical properties of NE and PO which were used in a transformer for 21 months. All of the liquid insulation test specimens were sampled every 3 months. Physical properties of the liquid insulation, i.e., interfacial tension (IFT), viscosity, and particles count, were examined. Chemical properties of the liquid insulation, i.e., moisture content, acidity, corrosive sulfur, and furanic compound (2-FAL), were investigated. IFT, particles count, moisture content, acidity, and 2-FAL test results indicated deterioration of liquid insulations of the used liquid insulation; however, there is no observation change for particles amount and acidity of NE. The other test results were not found significantly change.
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Novel CO2-negative design of palm oil-based polygeneration systems
(2023-02-01)
Wu, Wei
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Supankanok, Rasa
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Chandra-Ambhorn, Walairat
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Taipabu, Muhammad Ikhsan
A palm oil-based polygeneration system (POPS), which is a combination of a fixed bed hydrotreating reactor (FBHTR), a three-phase separator, and a series of cryogenic separators, is co-production process of green diesel and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) named Design 1. The FBHTR model is validated by experiment data and its optimal operating parameters are determined by solving the response surface methodology-based optimization algorithm. Two CO<inf>2</inf>-negative designs for the POPS named Designs 2 and 3 adopt approaches of (i) the evacuated tube solar collector (ETSC) for reducing 35% flue gas from the furnace, (ii) the amine-based CO<inf>2</inf> capture process coupling with pre- or post-separation system for producing the high-purity CO<inf>2</inf> product, and (iii) the heat integration design for reducing the energy duties of hot/cold utilities. Design 2 is validated to achieve the maximum negative net CO<inf>2</inf> emissions. Design 3 not only ensures the negative net CO<inf>2</inf> emissions, but also it produces three high-purity products (98.3% green diesel, 100% LPG, and 99.9% CO<inf>2</inf>) simultaneously.
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Process design and economic evaluation of biomass-based negative emission technologies
(2023-01-01)
Wu, Wei
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Supankanok, Rasa
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Chandra-Ambhorn, Walairat
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Pongboriboon, Nattapat
A palm oil-based polygeneration system (POPS) is simulated to produce the main product of high-purity green diesel as well as the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as a by-product. The CO<inf>2</inf>-negative design includes approaches of (i) a series of cryogenic separators for the recovery of approximately 65.5% of hydrogen feedstock, (ii) the evacuated tube solar collector (ETSC) for reducing 35% flue gas from the furnace, (iii) the amine-based CO<inf>2</inf> capture process for pursuing the high-purity CO<inf>2</inf> product. The economic analysis of POPS shows that the process becomes economically attractive if the diesel price and crude palm oil should be around 1.98 and 0.47 $kg<sup>-1</sup>, respectively.
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THE INFLUENCE of NANOPARTICLES on the DIELECTRIC DISSIPATION FACTOR and LIGHTNING PROPERTIES in PALM OIL-BASED NANOFLUIDS
(2022-04-01)
Pattanadech, Norasage
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Muangpratoom, Pichai
In this study, the influence of nanoparticles when mixed with insulating palm oil is investigated in terms of tan δ or the dielectric dissipation factor and lightning properties. Three different nanofluid sample types are derived from the dispersion of zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2) and barium titanate (BaTiO3). The nanoparticle concentrations tested were 0.01% and 0.03% while the base fluid was unmodified palm oil. Evaluation of tan δ was performed in accordance with the IEC 60247 standard via the use of the tan δ meter (model SOKEN: DAC-IM-D6) and the lightning impulse breakdown voltage were based on the IEC 60897 standard. In order to test the electrical insulation qualities of the palm oil over a range of temperatures from 35-90°C for each of the tan δ values revealed the dielectric loss tangent, and the findings lightning properties was performed at the room temperature. Significant increases of the palm oil with nanoparticles in comparison to unmodified palm oil. These results suggested that further investigation would be worthwhile to better understand the effects of the nanoparticles in palm oil upon tan δ and the lightning impulse breakdown voltage characteristics in order to make additional improvements.
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Techno-economic analysis of co-production of bio-hydrogenated diesel from palm oil and methanol
(2021-09-15)
Phichitsurathaworn, Nitipat
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Simasatitkul, Lida
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Amornraksa, Suksun
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Anantpinijwatna, Amata
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Charoensuppanimit, Pongtorn
A bio-hydrogenated diesel (BHD) or green diesel is produced from refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) via a heterogeneous catalytic reaction which requires high hydrogen to oil volumetric ratio for a complete conversion of oil. In this regard, a hydrogen recovery process is required to reduce a high amount of hydrogen loss in a gas by-product. This work proposes coupling the conventional BHD process with a production of methanol, a valuable co-product, and performs its techno-economic evaluation in comparison with the stand-alone BHD process. The results showed that the BHD process coupled with the methanol synthesis can recover by 46.3% of discharged hydrogen and reduce 14% of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide emissions from the production process. Furthermore, methanol synthesis could improve the internal rate of return (IRR) by 23.2%, shorten the payback period by 2.81 years, and increase the net present value (NPV) by 54.41 million USD relative to the BHD process. Finally, environment potential impact of both processes are analyzed. The most significant on the environment is hydro-processing stage and both processes provide same environmental results.
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Effects of reactor loading and solvent addition on catalyst-free glycerolysis of palm oil
(2021-01-01)
Phichaion, Ittirit
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Sawangkaew, Ruengwit
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Sakdasri, Winatta
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Ngamprasertsith, Somkiat
Glycerol is a by-product of biodiesel production. Every three moles of biodiesel produced, glycerol is released in one mole, which is around 10 wt.% of the total products. The crude glycerol from supercritical transesterification has a higher purity than that from alkaline transesterification. Monoglyceride is an anionic surfactant widely used in many applications. In this work, the glycerolysis reaction of palm oil and glycerol was studied using isopropanol as the solvent. The investigated important parameters in this study were reaction time in range of 30-150 minutes, reactor loading in range of 40-80 %, and molar ratio of isopropanol to glycerol to palm oil in range of 0-30. The glycerol to palm oil molar ratio was constant at 5 to 1. The results showed that parameters affected conversions and yields were reactor loading and solvent addition. The highest monoglyceride yield, 37.4%, was obtained at 260 °C in 150 minutes and 40 % of reactor loading. Molar ratio of glycerol to palm oil to isopropanol is 5:1:15. A central composite design (CCD) of 48 experiments investigated the effects on monoglyceride content (%MG) of temperature (220 to 260 °C), reaction duration (30 to 150 min), and molar ratio of IPA to palm oil (0:1 to 30:1). The %MG was substantially and statistically significantly enhanced (p < 0.0001) at higher temperatures and longer reaction duration. An analysis of variance confirmed that the molar ratio of IPA to palm oil had a much less significant effect (p = 0.0255) on %MG. The crude glycerol obtained from a biodiesel production plant was compared with pure glycerol at the optimal condition. A %MG of 46.58% was observed using crude glycerol as reactant because of the yield-limiting effects of water in crude glycerol.
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The comparative study of physical and chemical properties of palm oil and mineral oil used in a distribution transformer
(2020-10-25)
Maneerot, Sakda
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Pattanadech, Norasage
This paper represents the physical and chemical characteristics of palm oil compared with mineral oil as insulating liquid. Two identical single-phase transformers with rated 22000/230V 30kVA were designed and constructed. The first transformer used palm oil and the second transformer used mineral oil as dielectric liquid. The physical and chemical properties of new liquids were investigated before and during transformer operation. The physical properties and chemical properties such as interfacial tension, viscosity, moisture content, acidity, and corrosive sulfur of the liquid specimen were tested according to international standards. Then these liquids were filled in the transformer. After that, transformers were operated at 80 % of designed rated with inductor load for two years by which the temperature, current, and voltage were recorded every hour. Every three months, the liquid insulation was sampling from each transformer to be investigated as the same mentioned items. From the preliminary test results (six months after transformer operation), it can be concluded that palm oil is the potentially alternative liquid insulation for using in the transformer.
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Partial discharge characteristics of mineral oil immersed transformer compared with natural ester and palm oil immersed transformer under different periods of impregnation
(2020-09-13)
Maneerot, Sakda
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Pattanadech, Norasage
This paper represents the partial discharge (PD) characteristics of mineral oil immersed transformer compared with natural ester, and palm oil immersed transformer under different periods of impregnation. Three identical three-phase transformers with 22kV/400V 50 kVA rated were designed and constructed. The first transformer was fully filled with mineral oil. The second transformer was fully filled with natural ester (FR3), and the third transformer was fully filled with palm oil. The partial discharge at 1.1Urated of these transformers with various conditions, i.e., non-impregnated paper, impregnated paper with 3 hours, and 6 hours was investigated. The impregnation process was done with 65 <sup>o</sup>C liquid temperature and 5 mmbar pressure. From the test results, it can be concluded that PD characteristics of the mineral oil immersed transformer was obviously different compared with these of the natural oil (FR3) immersed transformer and the palm oil immersed transformer. Moreover, the impregnation impacted PD characteristics of the tested transformers, which were analyzed and reported in this paper.
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Evaluation of loss factor of mineral oil and alternative fluids with temperature normalization
(2020-07-01)
Maneerot, S.
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Nimsanong, P.
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Pattanadech, N.
This paper proposes the evaluation of loss factor of mineral oil and alternative fluids the natural ester (FR3) with temperature normalization. The oil samples (i.e., mineral oil, natural ester, and palm oil) were prepared for experiments. The oil samples were dried at 70 °C under 200 mbar in the controlled temperature oven and then cooled down to ambient temperature. The moisture contents of the oil samples were measured according to ASTM D1533. The test cell, according to IEC61620, was employed in these measurements. The polarization currents, ipol(t), of such oil samples under electric field stress of 0.2 kV/mm with a temperature range from 30 to 70 °C were measured, The test results are summarized in this paper. The step response measurement results were analyzed for conductivities, permittivity, and loss factor value. It was found that increasing temperature causes increasing conductivities but decreasing permittivity of oil samples.

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