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A Numerical Simulation of the Kratom Plant Growth Model While Treated by a Specific Nutrient Using an Explicit Finite Difference Method
(2025-01-01)
Krongsamsri, Pitchayapa
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Komthong, Nontalee
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Yammeng, Jidapa
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Chaichuay, Chinda
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Boonchom, Banjong
Kratom refers to both Mitragyna speciosa, a tree native to Southeast Asia, and products manufactured from its leaves sold as herbal supplements. Kratom leaves contain a range of chemical compounds known as bioactive alkaloids, which have physiological effects. A mathematical model of the Kratom plant under a particular nutritional treatment will be provided in this research. Also, the methods for setting the initial condition and boundary condition will be presented. Also, as the plant grows, the solution's domain shifts every time. Techniques for adjusting the specific nutrient's physical parameters are also provided. With the use of an explicit finite difference method, the solutions are approximated. The specific nutritional concentrations are calculated for each height level. As shown, the specific nutrient will spread from the root to the apex of the trunk. The nutrient has the capacity to stimulate the growth of the Kratom. The specific nutrient concentration along the trunk may be measured using the proposed mathematical model as the Kratom plant grows each day. A proposed numerical model with a specific nutrient can be used to develop a precise model, such as a one-dimensional model of branches and foliage. It would be more captivating if the plant nutrients indicated here were researched for their ability to accelerate the growth of large or medium-sized Kratom plants. In conclusion, the study shows that calcium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate may be useful as a growth promoter for Kratom plants and suggests a way to measure its effects quantitatively.
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Effects of Different Potting Media on the Growth of Commercial Cacti
(2022-10-01)
Ritthidechrat, Kittiphan
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Anuwong, Chamaiporn
This research aims to study the appropriate growing media for the growth of cacti that can reduce production costs and promote cacti’s growth. The research used four genera of cacti, i.e., Gymnocalycium, Astrophytum, Mammillaria, and Echinopsis, which were famous in the commercial market in Thailand. The experimental design was completely randomized designs (CRD) with four different growing media and three replications; T1) fermented rain tree leaves (FRTL): perlite: vermiculite: pumice: vermicompost as a control, T2) FRTL: rice husk: coconut coir: charcoal: vermicompost, T3) FRTL: rice husk ash: coconut husks chips: expanded clay: vermicompost and T4) rice husk ash: vermicompost. The plant was cultivated the plastic pot 2-inches and collected the growth for six months. The result showed that Mammillaria was planted in Treatment 3 gave the greatest stem diameter and the number of roots. A similar increase in stem diameter of Echinopsis and Gymnocalycium had the newest areoles. While planted in T4, as a result, the genus Astrophytum has increased in stem diameter, the number of new areoles, and the number of roots. In the Gymnocalycium also found an increase in stem diameter. Therefore, the use of cacti growing media in T3 as an appropriate for the growth of cacti. Furthermore, it can reduce the production cost of growing media about 0.72 baht per pot (33%) when compared with the commercial media (T1) in a 2-inches plastic pot.
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Effects of biochar, compost, and composted biochar soil amendments on okra plant growth
(2022-01-01)
Azman, Nur Aina Najwa Mohd Nor
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Khalid, Puteri Inderakusumowati Md
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Amin, Nor Aishah Saidina
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Zakaria, Zaki Yamani
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Zainol, Muzakkir Mohammad
Soil fertility can be improved by incorporating organic matter such as biochar and compost. The combined addition of biochar and compost effectively restores soil degradation by enhancing nutrient availability, soil aggregation, and porosity. Nonetheless, many studies mainly concentrated on a single application of biochar and compost as a soil amendment. In this work, the biochar samples were prepared from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) material at the desired microwave power (450 W) under 1 L/min of N2 flow for 10 min. Then, sandy soil was amended with 5 g of sole biochar and compost, as well as a biochar-compost mixture at a ratio of 1:1 for 8-weeks polybag experiment of okra plants. At 4 weeks of the plantation, the physical and chemical soil properties were analyzed. The okra plant's growths were also measured weekly for 8 weeks of the plantation. The application of biochar and composts alone, and in combination significantly improved soil physicochemical properties and plant growth compared to control soil. The synergetic positive effect of biochar and compost combination resulting lowered soil bulk density with higher soil porosity, moisture content, and nutrients availability. The study showed that a biochar-compost mixture is more effective to enhance soil quality over individual treatments and unamended soil.
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Streptomyces mediated stimulation of defense related enzymes to increase the biocontrol resistance in Capsicum annuum L. Against Ralstonia solanacearum
(2021-09-01)
Kaari, M.
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Joseph, J.
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Manikkam, R.
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Venugopal, G.
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Soytong, K.
The present study evaluated the selected rhizosphere soil Streptomyces cultures for the stimulation of defense enzymes in Capsicum annuum L. against Ralstonia solanacearum. Among the seven Streptomyces strains evaluated for the promotion of plant growth in pot experiments, strain UP1A-1 showed highest shoot length (16.8 cm), root length (12.1 cm), fresh weight (7.61 gm) and dry weight (0.81 gm). Similarly, the maximum amount of total chlorophyll was observed in the chili plant treated with the strain UP1A-1 (1.9 mg g-1) and UT2A-30 (1.59 mg g-1). The Streptomyces strains UP1A-1 (88.8%), UP2A-9 (87.0%) and UT6A-57 (83.2%) showed maximum biocontrol efficacy against R. solanacearum. The maximum phenolic content was observed in the chili pepper plants treated with the strain UP1A-1 at 9 days after pathogen inoculation (DPI). Also the plant defense related enzymes peroxides (POX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) significantly increased in UP1A-1 treated chili pepper at 3 DPI and 6 DPI. It is also noticed that initially at 1 DPI all treatments showed least amount of POX and PPO, later increased at 3 DPI and 6 DPI but suddenly started decreasing at 9 DPI in chili pepper. In conclusion, the current pot experiment indicated that the Streptomyces sp. UP1A-1 exhibited the maximum chili pepper growth, good stimulation of defense related enzymes and disease reduction against bacterial wilt and it could be a promising PGP and Biocontrol agent for chilli pepper plants against R. solanacearum.
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Growth of pigmented rice (Oryza sativa L. Cv. Riceberry) exposed to ZnO nanoparticles
(2019-01-01)
Samart, Sutichai
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Chutipaijit, Sutee
Exposure of plants to nanomaterials has been evaluated to the positive and negative effects on crop growth, metabolism, and productivity. In this research, application of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles was studied in pigmented rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Riceberry). Riceberry plants were grown and irrigated for 60 days. After that, Riceberry plants were exposed to ZnO nanoparticles by treating them with 0, 200, 400 or 800 mg L-1 of ZnO nanoparticles. The plant heights, plant weights, numbers of panicles/clump, photosynthetic pigment contents, and antioxidant enzyme activities were determined. Results showed that 200 mg L-1 of ZnO nanoparticles induced the high enhancement of plant heights, plant weights, numbers of panicles/clump, total photosynthetic pigment contents, and antioxidant enzyme activities as compared to 400 mg L-1, 800 mg L-1 of ZnO nanoparticles and the control (0 mg L-1 of ZnO nanoparticles) treatments. Moreover, the contents of anthocyanin accumulation in the rice seeds exposed to ZnO nanoparticles were measured. The seeds of Riceberry plants exposed to 200 mg L-1 of ZnO nanoparticles exhibited higher the accumulation of anthocyanin contents than other treatments (0, 400 and 800 mg L-1 of ZnO nanoparticles). It was observed that the appropriation of ZnO nanoparticle concentrations may play a role in enhanced the plant growth, productivity and metabolite of Riceberry plants.
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A proper concentration of carbon black nanoparticles enhances growth of the regenerated vetiver grass
(2017-01-01)
Khunchuay, Chonnikarn
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Sompornpailin, Kanokporn
Carbon black (CB) nanoparticles were used in enhancing efficiency of the plant regeneration process under tissue culture condition. The calli of vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides L. Nash) were induced by using axillary bud as the explant. These calli were subjected onto plant regeneration medium, Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1 mgL-1 α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 2 mgL-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 2 mgL-1 kinetin, adding 0-70 mgL-1 concentrations of carbon black (CB) nanoparticles. After six week incubation, vetiver calli developed on the medium supplemented with 40 mgL-1 CB nanoparticles showed the rather high frequencies of plant regeneration (93.75%), nevertheless no statistically different with other treatment did. Media containing CB nanoparticles in the range 40-60 mgL-1 significantly affected on enhancing the average of shoot number per callus more than other CB concentration did. Especially, the average shoot lengths of plantlets derived from 40 and 50 mgL-1 CB media (1.73 and 2.19 cm) are longer than those from non CB or other CB concentration media (0.88-1.05 cm) at the significant level. Adding CB nanoparticles in regeneration medium effects on enhancing electrical conductivity and decreasing the pH value. The concentration of CB nanoparticle effected the ratio of colloidal sizes which was found in the medium. The proper concentration of CB generates the optimum property of the regeneration medium which can promote the average of shoot number per callus, and enhanced shoot elongation of vetiver grass in the regeneration process.

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