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    Microplastics in construction and built environment
    (2023-10-01)
    Prasittisopin, Lapyote
    ;
    Ferdous, Wahid
    ;
    Kamchoom, Viroon
    Plastics have been extensively used in the building and construction industries for decades. However, the more plastics are utilised, the more microplastics are released. This review and analysis article summarises and organises the knowledge from 211 current related publications published in 2014–2022. The review and analysis explain the kinds of plastics employed in construction and built environment. Fabrics or textiles, fibres and plastics in cementitious systems, paints, tyres and roads are discussed. The entry points of microplastics into the human body are reviewed next, followed by the management of recycled wastes. The important research gaps and possible solutions include using high-strength concretes and surface-hardening agents is suggested to encapsulate the microplastics inside the matrix; DPSIR model analysis can be holistically adopted for each composite; innovative bio-chemical technology like self-healing concrete and bio-degradable plastics can be a viable choice; and social science, law and urban planning can support awareness and comprehension.
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    Electrical properties of bistable device based on graphene oxide composited with polyvinylpyrrolidone thin films
    (2021-01-01)
    Thiwawong, Thutiyaporn
    ;
    Songkeaw, Potiyan
    ;
    Onlaor, Korakot
    ;
    Tunhoo, Benchapol
    This research studied the bistable properties of synthesized graphene oxide (GO) composited with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The devices were fabricated using a spin coating process on indium tin oxide (ITO)/glass substrate, and the top electrodes were prepared by thermal evaporation with the device structure of ITO/PVP:GO/Al. The PVP:GO films were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the fabricated device exhibited a maximum ON/OFF current ratio in the order of about 10<sup>4</sup> at a GO concentration of 4 wt%. The mechanism was explained by fitting with the results of the I-V measurement. Moreover, the retention test of the device was more than 2×10<sup>4</sup> s. The device showed the important characteristics of memory to be a candidate for data storage.
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    Improvement of crushed rock by polymer and portland cement on California Bearing Ratio (CBR) under soaked condition
    (2020-01-01)
    Chaiyaput, Salisa
    ;
    Maleesee, K.
    ;
    Sirikaew, U.
    ;
    Artidteang, S.
    The pavement consists of surface course built on the top followed by base, subbase, and subgrade, respectively. The high stresses occur at the top layer, which is placed by the expensive material with high quality, while cheaper material with low quality is placed in the lower layer, respectively. Crushed rock is normally applied as the base material, which is required to support the high stress transmission. The soil improvement techniques have become one alternative to apply for increasing the soil strength. The one technique has been wildly adopted, is called “soil cement”. On the other hand, the soil cement road is easily to damage by heavy raining and flooding, due to brittle crack behavior in Portland cement property. Consequently, polymer has high elastic modulus, is precious to solve the brittle failure problem. This paper examines the effect of concurrent use of liquid polymer and Portland cement on crushed rock as reinforced pavement base material. The strength of polymer-treated crushed rock (treated crushed rock) and ordinary crushed rock (untreated crushed rock) were characterized and compared. In strength analysis, the California bearing ratios (CBR) of untreated and treated crushed rock were determined under soaked condition to simulate post-flood pavement damage. As a result, it was found that the CBR value of the treated crushed rock has higher than the CBR values of the untreated crushed rock (approximately two times).
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    Effects of quenching process on the optical properties of thin film polymers
    (2019-07-01)
    Jumpar-Ngern, Jitrin
    ;
    Sompong, Khanisorn
    ;
    Wasapinyokul, Kamol
    Polymer is a group of materials applied in several thin film electronic devices. A typical fabrication process of the material consists of coating it as a film onto a substrate by a wet process, followed by the baking and annealing the film to change its molecular structures, and hence its properties. In this study, we reported the effect of the quenching process, or the cooling down process after baking, on the optical transmittance of the film. Thin films of poly(methyl methacrylate), or PMMA, was coated on a substrate and then baked at different temperatures followed by either a quick or slow cool-down quenching process; before they were checked for their optical transmittances. The results showed that the film baked at a temperature slightly higher than the glass transition temperature of the polymer, followed by a slow cool-down quenching process would provide the transmittance apparently lower than those of the films baking and quenching at other conditions. We believe that this was because when the polymer was baked above such temperature, the polymer was in its glassy state. When it was slowly cooled down, the molecules had time to form crystalline structure, hence a lower optical transmittance. The result from this study indicated that the quenching process can be used to control the properties of a polymer film and hence should be carefully practiced.
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    Effect of polymer and Portland cement on strengthen crushed rock for pavement base
    (2019-01-01)
    Chaiyaput, S.
    ;
    Bergado, D. T.
    ;
    Ayawanna, J.
    The effect of concurrent use of liquid polymer and Portland cement as a reinforced material in crushed rock pavement base was investigated in this work. The strength of polymer-treated crushed rock (treated crushed rock) and ordinary crushed rock (untreated crushed rock) were characterized and compared. In strength analysis, the California bearing ratios (CBR) of untreated and treated crushed rock were determined under unsoaked and soaked conditions to simulate post-flood pavement damage. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) was evaluated under unsoaked conditions for 2h, 1-day, 3-day, 7-day, and 28-day curing periods. The results showed that the CBR of untreated and treated crushed rock under soaked and unsoaked conditions were positively correlated with dry density. The CBR under the unsoaked condition of untreated crushed rock was identical to that of treated crushed rock. Meanwhile, under the soaked condition, the CBR of treated crushed rock was twice as higher than the untreated crushed rock. The swelling indices were 0% for both untreated and treated samples. The UCS of treated crushed rock showed positively correlation with the curing time. The use of liquid polymer and Portland cement, therefore, improved the strength of crushed rock pavement base in which effectively mitigate the post-flood pavement damage.