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    Phase stability, fuel properties, and diesel engine performance of palm-oil-based microemulsion biofuels
    (2023-05-01)
    Attaphong, Chodchanok
    ;
    Morawan, Nattaya
    ;
    Sarikprueck, Piampoom
    ;
    Charoensaeng, Ampira
    ;
    Khaodhiar, Sutha
    Microemulsification and blending are two viscosity-modifying techniques of vegetable oils for direct use with diesel engine. In this study, alcohol blends are mixtures of ethanol, diesel, and palm-oil biodiesel while microemulsion biofuels are thermodynamically stable, clear, and single-phase mixtures of diesel, palm oil, and ethanol stabilized by surfactants and cosurfactants. Although there are many studies on biofuels lately, there is limited research on using biodiesel as a surfactant in microemulsion formulations and applied on engine performance at different engine loads. Therefore, the objectives are to investigate phase stability and fuel properties of formulated biofuels (various blends and microemulsions), to determine the engine performance at different engine loads (no load, and from 0.5 to 2.0 kW), and to estimate laboratory-scale cost of the selected biofuels compared to diesel and biodiesel. The results showed that phase stability and fuel properties of selected microemulsion biofuels are comparable to diesel and biodiesel. These microemulsion biofuels can be applied to the diesel engine at different loads while diesel-ethanol blends and palm-oil-biodiesel-ethanol blends cannot be. It was found that the energy efficiencies of the system using microemulsion biofuels were slightly lower than the average energy efficiency of diesel engine. From this study, it can be summarized that microemulsion biofuels can be formulated using palm-oil biodiesel (palm-oil methyl ester) as a bio-based surfactant and they can be considered as environmentally-friendly alternatives to diesel and biodiesel. However, cost considerations showed that the raw materials should be locally available to reduce additional costs of microemulsion biofuels.
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    Comparison between Linear and Nonlinear Machine-Learning Algorithms for Predicting the Properties of Biodiesel Using Near-infrared Spectra
    (2023-01-01)
    Thongphut, Chitwadee
    ;
    Chungcharoen, Thatchapol
    ;
    Phetpan, Kittisak
    This study points out the application of nearinfrared (NIR) spectra combined with machine-learning approaches to evaluate biodiesel properties. The performance comparison between partial least squares regression (PLSR)-based linear and support vector regression (SVR)-based nonlinear machine-learning algorithms for predicting the biodiesel properties is the main objective of this paper. The models were built for four biodiesel properties: pH, viscosity, density, and water content. As a result, the PLSR had better performance than the SVR. An effective model of each biodiesel property prediction exhibited the coefficient of determination for the prediction (r2) and root mean square of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.89 and 0.01 mg KOH.g-1, 0.75 and 0.07 cSt, 0.84 and 2.77 kg.m-3, and 0.75 and 79.33 mg.kg-1 for pH, viscosity, density, and water content, respectively.
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    Fungal Fermented Palm Kernel Expeller as Feed for Black Soldier Fly Larvae in Producing Protein and Biodiesel
    (2022-04-01)
    Liew, Chin Seng
    ;
    Wong, Chung Yiin
    ;
    Abdelfattah, Eman A.
    ;
    Raksasat, Ratchaprapa
    ;
    Rawindran, Hemamalini
    Being the second-largest country in the production of palm oil, Malaysia has a massive amount of palm kernel expeller (PKE) leftover. For that purpose, black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are thus employed in this study to valorize the PKE waste. More specifically, this work elucidated the effects of the pre-fermentation of PKE via different amounts of Rhizopus oligosporus to enhance PKE palatability for the feeding of BSFL. The results showed that fermentation successfully enriched the raw PKE and thus contributed to the better growth of BSFL. BSFL grew to be 34% heavier at the optimum inoculum volume of 0.5 mL/10 g dry weight of PKE as compared to the control. Meanwhile, excessive fungal inoculum induced competition between BSFL and R. oligosporus, resulting in a reduction in BSFL weight. Under optimum feeding conditions, BSFL also registered the highest lipid yield (24.7%) and protein yield (44.5%). The biodiesel derived from BSFL lipid had also shown good compliance with the European biodiesel standard EN 14214. The high saturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) content (C12:0, C14:0, C16:0) in derived biodiesel made it highly oxidatively stable. Lastly, the superior degradation rate of PKE executed by BSFL further underpinned the sustainable conversion process in attaining valuable larval bioproducts.
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    Free sterols from acid hydrolysis of steryl glucosides
    (2021-05-20)
    Yuangsawad, Ratanaporn
    ;
    Sinpichai, Sarawut
    ;
    Sukra, Arunrot
    ;
    Na-Ranong, Duangkamol
    Steryl glucosides (SG) are a group of insoluble chemicals in biodiesel. Steryl glucosides may cause clogging in production line and even small amounts of them may also cause low storage stability of biodiesel and plugging in a diesel engine. Therefore, an additional separation step is required to remove these contaminants. Since steryl glucosides have low solubility in many organic solvents, it is difficult to utilize the solid waste generated from the separation. Transformation of steryl glucosides to the form that are more soluble in general organic solvents should increase feasibility of utilization of the solid waste. In this study, hydrolysis of steryl glucosides to free sterols (FS) was investigated using nontoxic organic acid as catalyst. The hydrolysed products obtained from citric, lactic, and acetic acids were identified using a gas chromatograph connected with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The amounts of steryl glucosides and free sterols were also measured to compare efficiency of the catalysts. The most suitable catalyst was selected according to conversion of steryl glucoside (XSG), selectivity to free sterols (SFS), and yield of free sterols (YFS). To determine important parameters effecting the steryl glucosides conversion, the reaction test was performed with the selected catalyst at various operating condition.