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    Tailoring ZnO Nanostructures through Precursor Concentration and Hydrothermal Duration: A Pathway to Efficient Solar Water Splitting
    (2026-11-10)
    Borklom, Phanlapa
    ;
    Khemasiri, Narathon
    ;
    Jessadaluk, Sukittaya
    ;
    Rattanawarinchai, Prapakorn
    ;
    Kayunkid, Navaphun
    This work investigated the formation of ZnO nanostructures on ITO substrates prepared by self-seeding hydrothermal synthesis for photoelectrochemical ( PEC) water splitting applications. The hydrothermal parameters, precursor concentration and hydrothermal time, were varied to explore their influences on ZnO crystallinity, morphology, and PEC performance. The combinations of X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed highly oriented ZnO nanostructures with diverse morphologies, including small granules, nanorods, dense films, and hexagonal platelets. Topographic profiling of the morphological parameters revealed complex relationships between synthesis conditions and nanostructure characteristics, highlighting the importance of considering aggregation phenomena in substrate-based growth. This aggregation led to deviations from conventional crystal growth theory predictions, particularly for grain density and diameter evolution. PEC performance evaluation identified ZnO nanorods as the optimal morphology, exhibiting a photocurrent density of 0.182 mA/cm² at 0 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Further enhancement was achieved by decorating ZnO nanorods with CdS nanoparticles, resulting in a six-fold increase in photocurrent density (1.2 mA/cm²). This improvement is attributed to expanded light absorption and improved charge separation at the CdS/ ZnO interface. Our findings demonstrate the potential of rationally designed ZnO-based nanostructures in the advancement of solar-driven water splitting technologies and provide valuable insights for optimizing PEC systems through precise control of hydrothermal synthesis parameters, consideration of substrate-induced aggregation, and strategies for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting applications.
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    Hydrothermal Synthesis of MnO2 and Hemp-Derived Activated Carbon Composites for Tailored Electrochemical Performance
    (2026-07-22)
    Klangvijit, Kanisorn
    ;
    Bowornthommatadsana, Khemjiranee
    ;
    Reilly, Mayuree Phonyiem
    ;
    Obata, Michiko
    ;
    Fujishige, Masatsugu
    This study investigates hydrothermal synthesis of manganese dioxide composited with hemp-derived activated carbon (MnO<inf>2</inf>/AC) as electrodes for supercapacitors. The effects of key hydrothermal parameters, including carbon ratio, reaction temperature, and reaction time were systematically examined. Phase-pure α-MnO<inf>2</inf> was uniformly anchored on carbon framework. Morphology of MnO<inf>2</inf> evolved from nanowalls to well-defined nanorods with increasing reaction temperature and time. Meanwhile, the specific surface area of MnO<inf>2</inf>/AC decreased from 1712 to 1538 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>−1</sup> due to partial pore blocking, while a predominantly mesoporous structure was retained. Electrochemical measurements in 1 M Na<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf> demonstrate that the optimized MnO<inf>2</inf>/AC composites achieve a specific capacitance of 216.8 F g<sup>−1</sup> at 1 A g<sup>−1</sup>. Charge-storage mechanism analysis reveals a balanced contribution between surface-controlled capacitive processes and diffusion-controlled pseudocapacitance, which is directly correlated with preserved mesoporosity and moderate MnO<inf>2</inf> coverage. When the MnO<inf>2</inf>/AC composites were assembled into an asymmetric supercapacitor using AC as the negative electrode, the device operates stably up to 2.4 V and delivers outstanding cycling stability over 95% after 22,000 charge–discharge cycles at 5 A g<sup>−1</sup>. These results demonstrate that controlled growth of MnO<inf>2</inf>, rather than maximum oxide loading, is essential for optimizing charge-storage mechanisms and achieving high-performance biomass-derived supercapacitor electrodes.