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Author: search.filters.author.Attaphong, ChodchanokStart date: 2020

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    Optimization of chemical precipitation for valuable metal recovery from spent lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide batteries
    (2026-05-01)
    Morawan, Nattaya
    ;
    Kruthun, Orathai
    ;
    Katers, John F.
    ;
    Attaphong, Chodchanok
    This study investigated the optimized conditions for chemical precipitation to recover nickel manganese cobalt hydroxide (NiCoMn-OH) and lithium carbonate (Li<inf>2</inf>CO<inf>3</inf>) from spent lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (sLi-NMC) batteries. The research focused on establishing optimized conditions to maximize recovery efficiency and product purity. The process involved dismantling and incinerating the batteries to produce black powder, followed by acid leaching using H<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf> and H<inf>2</inf>O<inf>2</inf>, and a two-step precipitation to recover NiCoMn-OH and Li<inf>2</inf>CO<inf>3</inf>. Results indicated that the optimized incineration conditions for efficient black powder production were 600 °C for 30 min. During the leaching process, the optimized extraction of lithium, nickel, cobalt, and manganese was achieved using 1 M H<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf> with 2% H<inf>2</inf>O<inf>2</inf> at a liquid-to-solid ratio of 30:1 mL/g. In the first precipitation stage, the optimized conditions for co-precipitating the solid NiCoMn-OH using saturated NaOH were identified as pH 10, 25 °C, and a contact time of 90 min. The results showed that nickel, manganese, and cobalt were precipitated at 92.04%, 90.35%, and 86.78%, respectively (a purity of 98.67%). Finally, lithium was successfully recovered as Li<inf>2</inf>CO<inf>3</inf> using saturated Na<inf>2</inf>CO<inf>3</inf>, at pH 12, 100 °C, and a contact time of 120 min up to 96.51% (a purity of 98.98%). Ultimately, the optimized conditions obtained from this study can provide valuable data for waste management and serve as a comparative baseline for environmental impact assessment of conventional metal recovery, enabling direct comparisons with optimized alternative methods in future research.
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    Formulation of microemulsion-based biofuels via the HLD framework
    (2025-01-01)
    Attaphong, Chodchanok
    ;
    Charoensaeng, Ampira
    The attention given to reverse micelle microemulsion for biofuel production has increased over the years. For Winsor Type II microemulsion systems using vegetable oil/diesel blends as an oil phase and an alkanol (i.e., ethanol) as a polar phase, surfactants with or without cosurfactants play a crucial role in the formulations. In this work, the microemulsion biofuel formulations were reviewed and discussed with regard to the formulation compositions (i.e., polar phase, oil phase, surfactant, and cosurfactant). The optimized systems in the literature were selected to calculate the HLD values. The HLD concept was investigated to predict the formulations, especially the total surfactant and cosurfactant concentration, for specific microemulsion biofuels. From the published experimental data set, correlations relating to the characteristics of the surfactant, cosurfactant, polar phase, and oil were examined. The results indicate that the HLD concept can be a useful tool to predict and provide the appropriate range of the surfactant/cosurfactant amount at the laboratory scale, which can then be developed and extended to the industrial scale in biofuel production.
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    Assessment and classification of different ashes from waste incinerators in Thailand
    (2024-12-01)
    Muthuraja, Raji
    ;
    Pombhejara, Chatpong Na
    ;
    Ganesan, Sunantha
    ;
    Attaphong, Chodchanok
    ;
    Morawan, Nattaya
    Rapid urbanisation and a growing population have led to a huge production of solid waste worldwide. To mitigate solid wastes, Thailand adapts incineration. As a consequence, a variety of fly ashes being produced in large quantities. Fly ash management is therefore a risk for the future. A comparison of the chemical and physical properties of five sources of ashes from the waste incinerators in three regions in Thailand, namely MFA1, MFA2, IFA, and fly ash that used in a ready-mixed concrete plant, CFA1 and CFA2 was conducted. Additionally, bottom ashes, MBA1, MBA2 and IBA were also characterized similarly. The analysis showed that coal fly ash from ready mixed concrete plant of CFA1 and CFA2 were classified under class F and C, respectively. The heavy metal analysis showed that fly ash from MFA1 and IFA has high amount of Zn (7,523 mg/kg and 28,315 mg/kg), followed by MFA1 has high amount of cadmium (127 mg/kg) and MFA1 and IFA showed high concentration of lead (1,955 mg/kg and 1,425 mg/kg). The present study show that fly ash often contains heavy metals, dioxins, and other hazardous substances, highlighting the need for detailed analysis to determine proper handling and disposal methods. Advanced classification systems, which may include parameters such as leaching behavior, particle size distribution, and contaminant concentrations, are essential for categorizing fly ash into appropriate management pathways, such as landfilling, resource recovery, or reuse in construction materials.
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    Environmental Impact Assessment of Lead-Acid and Lithium-ion Battery Waste Management in Thailand
    (2024-01-01)
    Morawan, Nattaya
    ;
    Mungkhala, Issariya
    ;
    Attaphong, Chodchanok
    ;
    Katers, John
    ;
    Sarikprueck, Piampoom
    This study used material flow analysis and life cycle impact assessment to evaluate the management of lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries in Thailand in 2022. Four scenarios were designed, employing two methods: landfilling and material recovery. Landfilling lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries showed significant negative environmental impacts. Lead recovery for lead-acid batteries waste also had negative impacts due to slag generation. However, metal recovery of lithium-ion battery waste, which recovered lithium carbonate and cobalt carbonate, demonstrated positive environmental outcomes. When comparing the two methods, landfilling was preferable for lead-acid batteries, whereas metal recovery was better for lithium-ion batteries. These findings provide essential information for battery management guidelines in Thailand and indicate that future research should explore additional methods and their economic aspect.
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    Phase stability, fuel properties, and diesel engine performance of palm-oil-based microemulsion biofuels
    (2023-05-01)
    Attaphong, Chodchanok
    ;
    Morawan, Nattaya
    ;
    Sarikprueck, Piampoom
    ;
    Charoensaeng, Ampira
    ;
    Khaodhiar, Sutha
    Microemulsification and blending are two viscosity-modifying techniques of vegetable oils for direct use with diesel engine. In this study, alcohol blends are mixtures of ethanol, diesel, and palm-oil biodiesel while microemulsion biofuels are thermodynamically stable, clear, and single-phase mixtures of diesel, palm oil, and ethanol stabilized by surfactants and cosurfactants. Although there are many studies on biofuels lately, there is limited research on using biodiesel as a surfactant in microemulsion formulations and applied on engine performance at different engine loads. Therefore, the objectives are to investigate phase stability and fuel properties of formulated biofuels (various blends and microemulsions), to determine the engine performance at different engine loads (no load, and from 0.5 to 2.0 kW), and to estimate laboratory-scale cost of the selected biofuels compared to diesel and biodiesel. The results showed that phase stability and fuel properties of selected microemulsion biofuels are comparable to diesel and biodiesel. These microemulsion biofuels can be applied to the diesel engine at different loads while diesel-ethanol blends and palm-oil-biodiesel-ethanol blends cannot be. It was found that the energy efficiencies of the system using microemulsion biofuels were slightly lower than the average energy efficiency of diesel engine. From this study, it can be summarized that microemulsion biofuels can be formulated using palm-oil biodiesel (palm-oil methyl ester) as a bio-based surfactant and they can be considered as environmentally-friendly alternatives to diesel and biodiesel. However, cost considerations showed that the raw materials should be locally available to reduce additional costs of microemulsion biofuels.