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Formulation of microemulsion-based biofuels via the HLD framework
(2025-01-01)
Attaphong, Chodchanok
;
Charoensaeng, Ampira
The attention given to reverse micelle microemulsion for biofuel production has increased over the years. For Winsor Type II microemulsion systems using vegetable oil/diesel blends as an oil phase and an alkanol (i.e., ethanol) as a polar phase, surfactants with or without cosurfactants play a crucial role in the formulations. In this work, the microemulsion biofuel formulations were reviewed and discussed with regard to the formulation compositions (i.e., polar phase, oil phase, surfactant, and cosurfactant). The optimized systems in the literature were selected to calculate the HLD values. The HLD concept was investigated to predict the formulations, especially the total surfactant and cosurfactant concentration, for specific microemulsion biofuels. From the published experimental data set, correlations relating to the characteristics of the surfactant, cosurfactant, polar phase, and oil were examined. The results indicate that the HLD concept can be a useful tool to predict and provide the appropriate range of the surfactant/cosurfactant amount at the laboratory scale, which can then be developed and extended to the industrial scale in biofuel production.
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Cold Water Detergency of Triacylglycerol Semisolid Soils: The Effect of Salinity, Alcohol Type, and Surfactant Systems
(2019-09-01)
Phaodee, Parichat
;
Attaphong, Chodchanok
;
Sabatini, David A.
Cold water detergency of triacylglycerol semisolid soils is much more challenging than liquid vegetable oils due to poorer interaction between surfactants and semisolid soil. This research seeks to improve the removal efficiency of semisolid soils below their melting points using surfactant-based formulations containing different alcohol additives. To this end, cold water detergency of solid coconut oil and solid palm kernel oil was investigated in various surfactant/alcohol systems, including single anionic extended surfactants, single nonionic alcohol ethoxylate surfactants, and a mixture of anionic surfactants. A series of alcohols (2-butanol, 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, 1-nonanol, and 1-decanol) were added to the surfactant formulations to investigate cold water detergency improvement. While cold water detergency using surfactants alone was poor, it was considerably improved when optimum salinity (S*) and 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, or 1-nonanol were introduced to the studied surfactant formulations. The maximum detergency of solid coconut oil exceeded 90% removal in the 0.1 w/v% C<inf>14-15</inf>-8PO-SO<inf>4</inf>Na/0.2 w/v% 1-octanol/4 w/v% NaCl system (a final optimized surfactant system) at a washing temperature of 10°C versus 22.9 ± 2.2% in the surfactant alone (not at optimum salinity and no additive). Further analysis showed that improved cold water detergency using surfactant/intermediate-chain alcohols/NaCl could be correlated with high wettability (low contact angle) as well as favorable surfactant system-soil interaction as observed by lower interfacial tension values. In contrast, the improved cold water detergency was observed to be independent of dispersion stability. This work thus demonstrates that surfactant system design, including additives, can improve cold water detergency of semisolid soils and should be further explored in future research.
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Phase behaviors and fuel properties of palm oil-based microemulsion biofuels using sugar-based surfactants
(2017-07-12)
Attaphong, Chodchanok
;
Charoensaeng, Ampira
;
Sorrasuchart, Nutthaporn
;
Khaodhiar, Sutha
;
Arpornpong, Noulkamol
Due to environmental concerns and current fossil-fuel situations, palm oil has been considered as a potential vegetable oil for renewable biofuel applications in South East Asia. To solve durability problems in diesel engine caused by high viscosity of palm oil, microemulsification has led to more attention as a novel viscosity-reducing technique. Microemulsion biofuels are transparent, thermodynamically stable, and singlephase microemulsions, where the polar phase is solubilized in surfactant aggregates existing in the non-polar phase. Surfactants (surface active agents) play a key role in enhancement of the interaction between polar and non-polar phases. Since sugar-based surfactants have been derived from bio-based resources, they have been introduced to formulate microemulsion biofuels in this study. Three sugar-based surfactants, sorbitan monolaurate (SM20), sorbitan monooleate (SM80), and sorbitan trioleate (ST85) and three alcohols (butanol, hexanol, and octanol) were used as surfactants and co-surfactants, respectively. The objectives of this study are to formulate microemulsion biofuels using sugar-based surfactants, to study the effects of surfactants and co-surfactants on phase behaviors and kinematic viscosities, and to investigate the effect of surfactant/co-surfactant ratio on other fuel properties (i.e. energy content, cold flow properties, density, and ash content). The results show that the microemulsion system using SM80 and octanol at the molar ratio of 1 to 8 was considered as an optimized microemulsion biofuel formulation demonstrating comparable fuel properties to biodiesel. These results provide useful guidance for future design of environmentally friendly microemulsion biofuels.
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Effect of additives on fuel properties and emission characteristics of micromulsion biofuels from palm oil
(2017-07-12)
Attaphong, Chodchanok
;
Lumyong, Pichit
;
Wichadee, Sasiwimon
;
Khaodhiar, Sutha
;
Sarikprueck, Piampoom
Microemulsiflcation is one of the novel techniques to reduce viscosity of vegetable oils to avoid durability problems in diesel engines. Microemulsion biofuels are transparent, thermodynamically stable, and single-phase mixtures of vegetable oils and ethanol in the presence of surfactants and co-surfactants. Additives have also been included in microemulsion biofuel formulations to improve their stability and fuel properties; however, there is limited research on the effect of additives on emission characteristics of microemulsion biofuels. In this study, microemulsion biofuels were formulated from palm oil/diesel blend (1:1 v/v), ethanol, surfactant, and co-surfactants. Five additives, ethylene glycol butyl ether (EGBE), diethylene glycol ethyl ether (DEGEE), propylene glycol ethyl ether (PGEE), dipropylene glycol methyl ether (DPGME), and ethyl acetate (EA), were used to study the effect of additives on phase behaviors, fuel properties, and emission characteristics. The results showed that studied additives could improve some fuel properties of microemulsion biofuels with negligible effect on phase stability. Additionally, it was found that carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from microemulsion biofuels with DEGEE and EA, and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from microemulsion biofuels with all additives were lower than those from diesel and biodiesel. Therefore, DEGEE and EA can be considered as promising additives for microemulsion biofuel formulations, which can improve fuel properties as well as can significantly reduce CO and NO<inf>x</inf> emissions below the levels of diesel and biodiesel. These encouraging results offer options of additives for biofuel applications.
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Optimized Microemulsion Systems for Detergency of Vegetable Oils at Low Surfactant Concentration and Bath Temperature
(2017-07-01)
Attaphong, Chodchanok
;
Sabatini, David A.
Triglycerides and vegetable oils are amongst the most difficult oils to remove from fabrics due to their highly hydrophobic nature; this is all the more challenging as cold water detergency is pursued in the interest of energy efficiency. Recently, extended surfactants have produced very encouraging detergency performance at ambient temperature, especially at low surfactant concentration. However, the salinity requirement for extended surfactants was excessive (4–14%) and there is limited research on extended-surfactant-based microemulsions for cold water detergency (below 25 °C). Therefore, extended-surfactant-based microemulsions are introduced in this study for cold temperature detergency of vegetable oils with promising salinity and surfactant concentration. The overall goal of this study is to explore the optimized microemulsion formulations with low surfactant and salt concentration using extended surfactant for canola oil detergency at both 25 and 10 °C. It was found that microemulsion systems achieved good performances (higher than those of commercial detergents) corresponding to IFT value 0.1–1 mN/m with the surfactant concentration as low as 10 ppm and 4% NaCl at 25 °C, and as low as 250 ppm and 0.1% (1000 ppm) NaCl at 10 °C. In addition, microemulsion systems were investigated with a different salt (CaCl<inf>2</inf>, or water hardness, versus NaCl) at 10 °C, demonstrating that 0.025% CaCl<inf>2</inf> (250 ppm) can produce good detergency; this is in the hardness range of natural water. These results provide qualitative guidance for microemulsion formulations of vegetable oil detergency and for future design of energy-efficient microemulsion systems.

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