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Insecticide Usage in Lotus-Fish Farming and Its Impact on Fish Culture and Grower Health
(2018-09-07)
Bumroongsook, S.
Insect pest is a major problem of lotus flower production for local markets and export. Lotus growers inappropriately use high quantity of toxic insecticides to control insect pest. Insecticides are applied all over the lotus farming and the chemical substances are not limited to lotus flowers but they leach down to the water reservoir affects fish and other nontarget living organisms in water and the environment. Therefore, the survey of insecticides usage and related information for lotus-fish farming in 3 different provinces: Chachoengsao, Suphanburi and Nakhonpathom was conducted. The result showed most growers had an elementary school certificate while the rest held a secondary school certificate. The important insect pest of lotus are thrips (Frankliniella schultzei) and common cutworm (Spodoptera litura). Lotus growers preferred organophosphate insecticides the most, followed by the avermectin group. Most growers from Chachoengsao(89.9%), Nakhonpathom(84.1%) and Suphanburi(77.4%) had insecticide application regularly. Decontamination of insecticidal residue on lotus flowers after harvest could be done by using flower dipping in water before distribution. Concerning over fish culture in lotus-fish farming, growers used the insecticide that had least effect on fish. However, the chemical application might cause the slow growth of fish. None of fish kill occurred due to insecticide application for insect control in lotus-fish farming. Repeated exposure to insecticide during application causes health problems to the growers.
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Effect of protein content in feed formulas on growth and nutritional values of mealworms
(2018-09-01)
Bumroongsook, S.
;
Nahuanong, P.
An experiment was designed to determine the effects of high dietary protein feeding on the growth and nutritional values of mealworms. The experiment was designed as completely randomized design with 5 treatments consisting of 5 feeding formulas mixed on weight basis: I) wheat bran II) broiler chicken feed + soybean meal (3:1) III) broiler chicken feed+ soybean meal (1:3) IV) broiler chicken feed+ soybean meal (1:1) and V) broiler chicken feed + soybean meal (1:1) and 10 replications. Mealworms (850 insects) aged 2 weeks were raised in a plastic box at room temperature(35-38 oC) with carrot as water supplement for 8 weeks. Average weight gain, length measurement and percentage mortality were calculated every week over feeding periods. On the eighth week, the results showed that the mealworms raised with the formula I and III had maximum weight of 0.15 g. Their body length of mealworms from formula I were the longest (2.70 cm) and no statistically different was found in mortality rate among treatments (p>0.05). The results indicated that high protein feed did not have effect on weight and body length of mealworms. The cost of 5 feeding formulas in rearing 850 mealworms for 8 weeks was as follows :2.52, 3.91, 4.13, 4.02 and 4.00 $, respectively. The studies indicated that the mealworms fed with formula I had gained maximum growth with minimum cost of production. An analysis of the chemical composition of the raw materials in feed formulas for mealworms indicated that soybean meal had highest protein content, following by soybean, broiler chicken feed, rice bran and carrot 48.82, 39.35, 21.18, 18.72 and 7.06%, respectively. Soybean had highest amount of fat, 20.14%. It was found that mealworms fed with formula IV had the highest protein of 54.89%. The mealworms raised from the formula I and II had the highest fat 29.54 and 29.88, respectively and highest energy found in mealworms from formua I, 6,193.22 cal/g. The pearson analysis showed a very strong positive relationship on protein and very weak positive correlation on fat in feed and in mealworms. In addition, the protein content in feed had no effect on mealworm growth.
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Consumption efficiency of Wolf and lynx spiders, pardosa pseudoannulata and oxyopes javanus, on insect pests of asiatic pennywort
(2018-07-01)
Bumroongsook, S.
;
Name, J.
;
Kilaso, M.
Asiatic pennywort is a plant common to Central and Southeast Asia and is used for folk medicine. The most common predatory spiders found in the Asiatic pennywort growing areas were Wolf and lynx spiders, Pardosa pseudoannulata Bösenberg and Strand and Oxyopes javanus Thorell. They were observed the onsuming two important insect pests of pennywort: Young pennywort cutworm, Zonoplusia ochreata Walker, 1865 and a leafhopper, Empoascanara alami Ahmed. The consumption efficiency associated with spider sex and starvation condition of these two predatory spiders on the leafhopper and pennywort cutworm was assessed in the laboratory. The results showed that female spiders consumed more leafhoppers and pennywort cutworms than did the males. Both predatory spiders preferred the second larval instar of pennywort cutworm. The female and male of O. javanus consumed 18.07 and 17.11 insects/day, respectively, and P. pseudoannulata 14.39 and 12.18 insects/day, respectively. Starvation for a prolonged food of time did not increase hunger level of the spiders. The use of these two spiders combined, in comparison with O. javanus alone, against leafhoppers was not significant (P>0.05). However, P. pseudoannulata and O. javanus are important components of the natural enemy complex in pennywort and therefore they should be conserved to aid insect control in pennywort.
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Impact of leaf eating caterpillar controls on the diversity of insects in asiatic pennywort farms
(2018-01-01)
Name, J.
;
Bumroongsook, S.
Annual loss of Asiatic pennywort production is primarily due to lepidopterous larvae. The pennywort cutworm (Zonoplusia ochreata) is one of the most destructive leaf feeders of pennywort. Most Thai growers prefer chemical controls to prevent production loss. Bioinsecticide is an alternative to synthetic insecticides. Some organic growers used Bacillus thuringiensis and neem extract for lepidopterous control in pennywort farms. We should understand how diversity of target and non-targeted species in the areas is impacted by different control management. Therefore, four preventative treatments were trialed: natural control in organic farming, Bacillus thuringiensis, neem extract and abamectin, to evaluate their effect on the biodiversity of insects in Chainat, Nonthaburi and Bangkok provinces, all located in the central region of Thailand. After 8 weekly spray applications, the insects were collected using the sweep sampling method. A total of 561 insects were identified belonging to 38 different species, including 34 predator species, and 29 parasitoid species. The effect of different treatments on the species diversity index and evenness index was calculated. Shannon’s species diversity index (H’) was higher in the natural control area (2.74) compared to areas treated with Bt (2.09), neem extract (1.90) and abamectin pesticide (1.88). The evenness index showed a similar trend; natural control (0.82), Bt (0.57), neem extract (0.62) and abamectin (0.55). The results support the hypotheses that organic farming promote insect diversity. Environmentally insect control approaches enhance biodiversity and ecological service in farmland.
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Abiotic and biotic factors affecting the occurrence of thrips on lotus flowers
(2018-01-01)
Bumroongsook, S.
Frankliniella schultzei Trybom and Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood are two important insect pests of lotus flowers (Nulumbo nucifera Gearn). Both are active throughout the year and are difficult to control during pre-and post-harvest management. This study is focused on factors that influence the relationship among the thrips, their host plants and abiotic factors. Therefore, the distribution of these thrips species within lotus flowers of different flower ages was assessed using randomly sampling from commercially growing areas in Bangkok, Thailand and investigated thrips abundance on these flowers every week from April to September, 2016. The results revealed that there was a higher thrips population on older lotus flowers. S. dorsalis was much more abundant in summer than in the rainy season. It was found mainly on the pedicel and the outer corolla of the flowers. In the summer and rainy season, F. schultzei occurred most often and were found on the distal parts of lotus petals and pollen areas. Hindu lotus and East Indian lotus could support more of F. schultzei and S. dorsalis than Album Plenum and Roseum Plenum. The correlation among abiotic factors (temperature, amount of rainfall and relative humidity) and population fluctuations of S. dorsalis and F. schultzei was assessed. The studies showed a positive correlation of temperature (r = 0.7918) and a negative correction of relative humidity (r =-0.7588) to population of S. dorsalis but no relation with amount of rainfall (r = 0.0260). Whereas, there were non-significant correlations among F. schultzei and temperature (r = 0.43650, relative humidity (r =-0.2113) and rainfall (r =-0.4164). Interactions between different temperatures, relative humidity and rainfall effects on the abundance of the thrips were seen here. Both fundamental and applied perspectives will provide better understanding the thrips population abundance, and help to develop management plans for thrips control.
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Modified atmosphere for thrip disinsection on cut lotus flowers
(2018-01-01)
Bumroongsook, S.
;
Kilaso, M.
In Thailand, lotus flowers are one of exportable products for flower trade industry. Common blossom thrip (Frankliniella schultzei) contamination on cut lotus flowers after harvest has been a major problem for export. F. schultzei is a quarantine insect pest. Modified atmospheres (MA) without oxygen content are considered an alternative to methyl bromide fumigation to control thrips. MA treatment has been used to control insect pests in agricultural product commodities. Different combinations of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, ozone levels, and treatment times were used to effect mortality of the common blossom thrips and postharvest quality of cut lotus flowers. Exposure to different concentrations of O<inf>3</inf> fumigation for 2 days could kill almost all F. schultzei (100% of larvae and ≥ 96% of adults). However, a concentration of 50-250 ppm of O<inf>3</inf> could not control F. schultzei on lotus flowers completely. O<inf>3</inf> fumigation caused color change in lotus flowers. High concentrations of O<inf>3</inf> (≥ 150 ppm) had a negative effect on the visual quality of lotus flowers. The results revealed that thrips mortality increased with increased CO<inf>2</inf> level and storage time. 100% CO<inf>2</inf> caused 100% mortality of both adults and larvae of F. schultzei when there was a 6-h exposure. MA were more effective in disinfecting of thrips on cut lotus flowers after 9 h fumigation to ≥ 50% CO<inf>2</inf> caused complete mortality to F. schultzei. There was not much difference in lotus color in response to atmosphere modified by a combination of CO<inf>2</inf> and N<inf>2</inf>. Therefore, CO<inf>2</inf> disinfestation treatment has the potential to be developed commercially as an alternative postharvest control for common blossom thrips on lotus flowers.
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Development of the euplectrus sp. near bicolor (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on zonoplusia ochreata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
(2018-01-01)
Namee, J.
;
Bumroongsook, S.
The larval ectoparasitoid Euplectrus sp. near bicolor (Eulophidae: Hymenoptera), is a gregarious ectoparasitoid of the pennywort cutworm larvae (Zonoplusia ochreata). Biological investigation of Euplectrus sp. near bicolor was conducted in the laboratory (27-35°C; 60-70%RH). The female adults copulated only once for their life time and deposited eggs singly or in clusters of two to eight eggs on the second or third abdominal segment of their larval hosts, which were mostly in the second or third instars. The parasitoids' eggs had an incubation period of 1.0-3.3 days (2.61 ± 2.10 days). The larvae stayed in a cluster and did not move until they were ready to pupate. The larval period took 2.1-3.8 days (2.82 ± 0.48 days). Pupation occurred on the underside skin of the dead host in a loosely woven silk cocoon that formed in between the host remains and adjacent leaves. The pupal period was ranged from 5.0-7.9 days (6.42 ± 0.89 days). Mating took place immediately after adult emergence, and the adults lived for 2.9-10.8 days (7.51 ± 2.58 days). The total duration of the life cycle from egg to adult emergence was 13.0-25.8 days.
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Insecticide Usage and Chemical Contamination Assessment in Asiatic Pennywort
(2017-08-21)
Bumroongsook, S.
The insecticide usage in commercially grown asiatic pennywort plantations in Nakhonpatum and Nonthaburi province, Thailand was surveyed during January-June, 2016. The results showed that asiatic pennywort cuttworms was leaf destructive and caused the most damge to the production. The growers used organophosphate insecticides to control the caterpillars the most, followed by pyrethoid, abamectin, carbamate and organochlorine, respectively. The chemical contaminants of pennywort from 9 fresh markets in Bangkok was monitored, the result indicated that lead was not detected in the samples. The amount of arsenic was less than 0.075 mg / kg. The insecticide residue measurement of dicofol, chlorpyrifos and methidathion was 0.98, 2.84 and 0.46 mg / kg, respectively.

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