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Exterior Architectural Characteristics of Biophilic Design in Diverse Regional Contexts: Case Studies from Asia, Europe, and Australia
(2026-03-01)
Thampanichwat, Chaniporn
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Wongvorachan, Tarid
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Petlai, Taksaporn
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Somngam, Panyaphat
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Sirisakdi, Limpasilp
Biophilic design has gained increasing importance in contemporary architecture due to its potential to enhance human well-being, environmental quality, and the integration of nature within built environments. While a growing body of literature exists, there remains a limited understanding of how biophilic architecture is visually expressed in diverse regional contexts. As the exterior of a building constitutes its most immediate expression, examining these characteristics is essential. This research gap raises the question of how exterior biophilic design characteristics are articulated in architectural practice within different geographic settings. To address this gap, this study examines the exterior architectural characteristics of biophilic design through selected case studies from Asia, Europe, and Australia, focusing on how these characteristics are manifested in each regional context. The research adopts a three-step methodological approach. First, on-site photographic documentation was conducted. Second, the collected photographs were systematically coded. Third, descriptive analysis was employed to examine the distribution of biophilic design characteristics in diverse regional contexts. Across all regions, biophilic attributes are most prominently manifested with natural colors, natural materials, and biomorphic or natural forms. In contrast, spatial attributes appear less consistently documented in photographs. This study is limited by its reliance on photographic analysis and a relatively small sample size. Future research should integrate multimethod approaches and expanded case studies to capture experiential and environmental dimensions of biophilic design beyond visual attributes.
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Exterior Biophilic Design Attributes Supporting Urban Mental Well-Being: A Case Study of Singapore’s Architecture
(2026-02-01)
Bunyarittikit, Suphat
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Wongvorachan, Tarid
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Petlai, Taksaporn
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Somngam, Panyaphat
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Ratanapong, Naipai
The biophilic city concept has been proposed as an approach to mitigate the negative impacts of urban growth under global warming, which increasingly affects people’s mental health. As architecture occupies a substantial proportion of urban areas, biophilic architecture plays a crucial role in supporting urban well-being, contributing to sustainable development in line with Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG 3) (Good Health and Well-being). Previous studies have identified a research gap regarding the integration of exterior biophilic architectural attributes within urban contexts. Therefore, this study aims to identify exterior biophilic architectural attributes that can enhance urban mental well-being, using buildings in Singapore as case studies. A questionnaire survey was conducted to evaluate architectural attributes and people’s emotional responses, with the aim of analyzing their relationships. The results indicate that exterior biophilic architectural attributes contribute unequally to urban mental well-being. Natural features emerged as the most influential attribute, exerting comprehensive positive effects on attentiveness, inspiration, and self-assurance. Natural forms and natural colors also demonstrated significant contributions by promoting relaxation, cognitive engagement, and inspiration. In addition, natural spaces supported attentiveness and confidence, while natural materials, despite being less prevalent, exhibited strong qualitative effects on inspiration and psychological security. Accordingly, this study provides biophilic architectural design guidelines that support the mental sustainability of urban populations affected by global warming.
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Biophilic Architecture in the Livable City of Melbourne CBD
(2025-12-01)
Thampanichwat, Chaniporn
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Wongvorachan, Tarid
;
Somngam, Panyaphat
;
Petlai, Taksaporn
;
Sirisakdi, Limpasilp
Amid continuous urban population growth and urbanization’s environmental and social challenges, livable cities have become a key priority for governments. Among the various factors influencing urban livability, architectural design integrating natural elements plays a critical role. Melbourne consistently ranks as one of the world’s most livable cities, with its Central Business District (CBD) serving as its core. Since a previous study has highlighted a research gap concerning the role of architecture in livable cities and indicated that the characteristics of biophilic architecture remain unclear, this study addresses the following question: What are the attributes of biophilic architecture in the CBD of the livable city of Melbourne? Subsequently, buildings exhibiting characteristics of Biophilic architecture were surveyed, and photographs capturing the most representative aspects of each building were documented. These characteristics were then coded and analyzed using statistics. The study found that Biophilic architecture is extremely rare in Melbourne’s CBD, with only four of 6375 properties (0.06%) identified as such. The most prominent attributes include connection to nature, natural color tones, and light modulation shaped by the city’s grid layout and strong sunlight. However, the dominance of concrete structures and heritage regulations constrains formal diversity. While Melbourne may not provide abundant examples, its context offers valuable insight into how urban form and policy shape biophilic expression. Future studies should extend this comparative approach to other cities to better understand context-specific adaptations of biophilic design.

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