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Structural Imbalance and Life-Cycle Cost Coverage in Vertical Greenery Systems: A Systematic Literature Review
(2026-04-01)
Phatthanaphan, Nitchaya
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Wongvorachan, Tarid
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Wutisun, Duangkamon
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Singkham, Sathirat
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Petsirasan, Sippakorn
Vertical greenery systems (VGS), including vertical gardens (VG) and green façades (GF), are increasingly promoted as nature-based solutions for sustainable urban development. Despite their environmental benefits, economic evaluation remains fragmented, particularly within a life-cycle cost (LCC) perspective. This study conducts a systematic literature review to examine the structural configuration of cost-related research on VGS within an LCC framework. Following the PRISMA protocol, 136 peer-reviewed articles published between 2021 and 2025 were identified through a structured search of the ScienceDirect database and retained as the analytical dataset. Bibliometric mapping, thematic classification, and co-occurrence analysis were applied to assess publication patterns, the distribution of cost components, and reporting structures. Five principal cost categories were identified: Installation and Operation, Maintenance, Consumables, Materials and Manufacturing, and Design. The results reveal a pronounced concentration on installation and maintenance costs, while design-phase economics and comprehensive LCC integration remain marginal. Most studies address only one or two cost categories, indicating structural fragmentation. In addition, heterogeneous reporting units and inconsistent contextual descriptors constrain cross-study comparability and cumulative synthesis. Collectively, the findings demonstrate that although cost research on VGS is expanding, it has not yet achieved methodological maturity within a standardized LCC framework. Advancing harmonized cost-reporting protocols and integrated life-cycle modeling is therefore essential to support robust economic evaluation and informed implementation of VGS in sustainable built environments.
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Exterior Architectural Characteristics of Biophilic Design in Diverse Regional Contexts: Case Studies from Asia, Europe, and Australia
(2026-03-01)
Thampanichwat, Chaniporn
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Wongvorachan, Tarid
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Petlai, Taksaporn
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Somngam, Panyaphat
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Sirisakdi, Limpasilp
Biophilic design has gained increasing importance in contemporary architecture due to its potential to enhance human well-being, environmental quality, and the integration of nature within built environments. While a growing body of literature exists, there remains a limited understanding of how biophilic architecture is visually expressed in diverse regional contexts. As the exterior of a building constitutes its most immediate expression, examining these characteristics is essential. This research gap raises the question of how exterior biophilic design characteristics are articulated in architectural practice within different geographic settings. To address this gap, this study examines the exterior architectural characteristics of biophilic design through selected case studies from Asia, Europe, and Australia, focusing on how these characteristics are manifested in each regional context. The research adopts a three-step methodological approach. First, on-site photographic documentation was conducted. Second, the collected photographs were systematically coded. Third, descriptive analysis was employed to examine the distribution of biophilic design characteristics in diverse regional contexts. Across all regions, biophilic attributes are most prominently manifested with natural colors, natural materials, and biomorphic or natural forms. In contrast, spatial attributes appear less consistently documented in photographs. This study is limited by its reliance on photographic analysis and a relatively small sample size. Future research should integrate multimethod approaches and expanded case studies to capture experiential and environmental dimensions of biophilic design beyond visual attributes.
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Exterior Biophilic Design Attributes Supporting Urban Mental Well-Being: A Case Study of Singapore’s Architecture
(2026-02-01)
Bunyarittikit, Suphat
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Wongvorachan, Tarid
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Petlai, Taksaporn
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Somngam, Panyaphat
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Ratanapong, Naipai
The biophilic city concept has been proposed as an approach to mitigate the negative impacts of urban growth under global warming, which increasingly affects people’s mental health. As architecture occupies a substantial proportion of urban areas, biophilic architecture plays a crucial role in supporting urban well-being, contributing to sustainable development in line with Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG 3) (Good Health and Well-being). Previous studies have identified a research gap regarding the integration of exterior biophilic architectural attributes within urban contexts. Therefore, this study aims to identify exterior biophilic architectural attributes that can enhance urban mental well-being, using buildings in Singapore as case studies. A questionnaire survey was conducted to evaluate architectural attributes and people’s emotional responses, with the aim of analyzing their relationships. The results indicate that exterior biophilic architectural attributes contribute unequally to urban mental well-being. Natural features emerged as the most influential attribute, exerting comprehensive positive effects on attentiveness, inspiration, and self-assurance. Natural forms and natural colors also demonstrated significant contributions by promoting relaxation, cognitive engagement, and inspiration. In addition, natural spaces supported attentiveness and confidence, while natural materials, despite being less prevalent, exhibited strong qualitative effects on inspiration and psychological security. Accordingly, this study provides biophilic architectural design guidelines that support the mental sustainability of urban populations affected by global warming.
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Strategic Approach of Reverse Logistics Management for Recyclable Waste and Transportation: A Systematic Review
(2026-01-01)
Chounchaisit, Pornarit
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Suphavarophas, Phattranis
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Bunyarittikit, Suphat
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Nanta, Piyarat
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Khwansuwan, Poon
Strategic reverse logistics management is a key driver of sustainability in supply chains, where challenges in recyclable waste must be aligned with transportation systems to achieve optimal outcomes. A systematic review using the PRISMA methodology was conducted in December 2024 by searching Scopus, Google Scholar, and Thai Journals Online to examine the global research landscape and the strategic approaches applied in reverse logistics for recyclable waste and transportation. Analysis of 32 publications shows a steady rise in research, with most studies in Asia and dispersed across multiple journals, reflecting the field’s multidisciplinary nature. Four strategic approaches were identified. Model-driven approaches demonstrate strong capability through mathematical, computational, conceptual, and hybrid models, achieving reductions of 44% in climate impacts and 34% in costs. Technology-driven approaches contribute innovations to enhance battery transport safety. Exploratory approaches reveal contextual policy gaps and financial limitations. Hybrid approaches can improve efficiency and reduce CO<inf>2</inf> emissions. The future development of hybrid approaches still offers substantial room for broader application and deeper integration. This review supports the development of more effective systems, policies, and future research.
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A Low-Cost Obstacle Avoidance System Prototype for Autonomous Wheelchairs Using a Servo-Mounted Ultrasonic Sensor
(2026-01-01)
Jongchanachavawat, Wirote
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Mingmuang, Noppon
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Ployjirapas, Chayut
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Nanan, Kwanchai
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Oiumekha, Kamonwan
This research presents the development of a low-cost obstacle avoidance prototype designed for mobile robotic applications, with a potential use case in autonomous wheelchairs. The system utilizes a single ultrasonic sensor mounted on a servo motor to perform multi-directional distance scanning, allowing the robot to detect and avoid obstacles in real time. An Arduino-based control algorithm interprets distance measurements at four predefined angles (30°, 60°, 120°, and 150°), enabling the robot to make navigation decisions including forward movement, turns, and retreating actions. The system was tested under various conditions: with obstacles in front, in front-left, and in all directions (front, left, and right). Results showed a 100% success rate in the simple frontal obstacle scenario, 80% in the front-left obstacle case, and 60% in the most complex environment with obstacles on three sides. The primary cause of failure was the sensor’s limitation in detecting very close objects (less than 2 cm). The findings confirm the feasibility of implementing this single-sensor approach in low-cost assistive mobility devices. The prototype demonstrates effective navigation capabilities and provides a practical foundation for future development of intelligent obstacle-avoidance systems for autonomous wheelchairs.
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Biophilic Architecture in the Livable City of Melbourne CBD
(2025-12-01)
Thampanichwat, Chaniporn
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Wongvorachan, Tarid
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Somngam, Panyaphat
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Petlai, Taksaporn
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Sirisakdi, Limpasilp
Amid continuous urban population growth and urbanization’s environmental and social challenges, livable cities have become a key priority for governments. Among the various factors influencing urban livability, architectural design integrating natural elements plays a critical role. Melbourne consistently ranks as one of the world’s most livable cities, with its Central Business District (CBD) serving as its core. Since a previous study has highlighted a research gap concerning the role of architecture in livable cities and indicated that the characteristics of biophilic architecture remain unclear, this study addresses the following question: What are the attributes of biophilic architecture in the CBD of the livable city of Melbourne? Subsequently, buildings exhibiting characteristics of Biophilic architecture were surveyed, and photographs capturing the most representative aspects of each building were documented. These characteristics were then coded and analyzed using statistics. The study found that Biophilic architecture is extremely rare in Melbourne’s CBD, with only four of 6375 properties (0.06%) identified as such. The most prominent attributes include connection to nature, natural color tones, and light modulation shaped by the city’s grid layout and strong sunlight. However, the dominance of concrete structures and heritage regulations constrains formal diversity. While Melbourne may not provide abundant examples, its context offers valuable insight into how urban form and policy shape biophilic expression. Future studies should extend this comparative approach to other cities to better understand context-specific adaptations of biophilic design.
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Exploring Sidewalk Built Environment Design Strategies to Promote Walkability in Tropical Humid Climates
(2025-08-01)
Anuntavachakorn, Pakin
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Pawarana, Purinat
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Wongvorachan, Tarid
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Thampanichwat, Chaniporn
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Bunyarittikit, Suphat
The world is facing a state of “global boiling,” causing damage to various sectors. Developing pedestrian systems is a key to mitigating it, especially in tropical and humid cities where the climate discourages walking and increases the need for shaded walkways. Recent research shows a lack of data and in-depth studies on the built environment promoting walkability in such climates, creating a research gap this study aims to fill. Using Singapore as a case study, four locations—Marina Bay, Orchard Road, Boat Quay, and Chinatown—were surveyed and analyzed through visual decoding and questionnaires. Results show that natural light is the most frequently observed and important element in pedestrian pathway design in tropical and humid areas. Trees and sidewalks are also important in creating a walk-friendly environment. Green spaces significantly influence the desire to walk, though no clear positive outcomes were found. Additionally, “Other Emotions” negatively affect the decision to walk, suggesting these should be avoided in future pedestrian pathway designs to encourage walking.
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A Systematic Review of Architectural Atmosphere That Fosters Mindfulness Constructs
(2025-07-01)
Thampanichwat, Chaniporn
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Sirisakdi, Limpasilp
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Petsirasan, Sippakorn
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Wutisun, Duangkamon
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Singkham, Sathirat
This study explores how architectural atmosphere can foster mindfulness constructs in response to the growing mental health crisis. Mindfulness, known for improving mental health, reducing stress, and enhancing overall well-being, is increasingly recognized as a potential solution to mental health challenges. However, research on how architectural atmosphere supports mindfulness is limited. This study systematically reviews architectural atmosphere features that promote mindfulness constructs, which includes awareness, openness, attention, focus, connection, and calmness. A literature review was conducted using the Scopus database, following PRISMA guidelines for transparency. Fifty-three articles were selected, focusing on mindfulness features in architectural atmosphere: awareness (4), openness (1), attention (28), focus (5), and connection (15). No studies were found on architectural atmosphere fostering calmness. The findings suggest that architectural atmosphere plays a significant role in supporting mindfulness, but further empirical studies are needed to validate these results in real-world contexts.
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Mindful Architecture from Text-to-Image AI Perspectives: A Case Study of DALL-E, Midjourney, and Stable Diffusion
(2025-03-01)
Thampanichwat, Chaniporn
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Wongvorachan, Tarid
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Sirisakdi, Limpasilp
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Chunhajinda, Pornteera
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Bunyarittikit, Suphat
Mindful architecture is poised to foster sustainable behavior and simultaneously mitigate the physical and mental health challenges arising from the impacts of global warming. Previous studies demonstrate that a substantial educational gap persists between architecture and mindfulness. However, recent advancements in text-to-image AI have begun to play a significant role in generating conceptual architectural imagery, enabling architects to articulate their ideas better. This study employs DALL-E, Midjourney, and Stable Diffusion—popular tools in the field—to generate imagery of mindful architecture. Subsequently, the architects decoded the architectural characteristics in the images into words. These words were then analyzed using natural language processing techniques, including Word Cloud Generation, Word Frequency Analysis, and Topic Modeling Analysis. Research findings conclude that mindful architecture from text-to-image AI perspectives consistently features structured lines with sharp edges, prioritizes openness with indoor–outdoor spaces, employs both horizontal and vertical movement, utilizes natural lighting and earth-tone colors, incorporates wood, stone, and glass elements, and emphasizes views of serene green spaces—creating environments characterized by gentle natural sounds and calm atmospheric qualities. DALL-E is the text-to-image AI that provides the most detailed representation of mindful architecture.
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Wireless Automated Exhibition System: Convenient Mobility at Low Cost
(2025-01-01)
Hirunwijitporn, Nirumol
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Jongchanachavawat, Wirote
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Bunyarittikit, Suphat
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Mingmuang, Noppon
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Roopkom, Ittipat
The application of wireless automatic exhibition system for event promotion facilitates the organization of exhibition-related activities by enabling automated control of exhibition displays. This system eliminates the need for allocating personnel to monitor the exhibition, thus reducing the cost of hiring exhibition attendants. From this research, it is possible to create a low-cost wireless automatic exhibition display system that is convenient for use in various events and exhibitions, especially when there are numerous booths involved. The system utilizes infrared sensors to detect visitors within a range of 90 cm, enabling accurate visitor counting. Once the desired number of visitors is reached, the exhibition will be displayed immediately. Additionally, the system can detect exiting visitors while the exhibition is ongoing. When the specified visitor count is met, the exhibition display will stop instantly. Due to these features, this wireless automatic exhibition system is affordable, easily portable, and suitable for various events and exhibitions. It is user-friendly and convenient for deployment.

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