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An architected silk fibroin-lignin multilayer with deep-level trapping states for high-output triboelectric nanogenerators
(2026-03-01)
Suktep, Natdanai
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Sae-tang, Chanachot
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Ukasi, Sirinya
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Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
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Supansomboon, Supitcha
Biopolymer-based triboelectric nanogenerators (B-TENGs) are promising power sources for sustainable and flexible electronics, but their performance is often limited by severe charge recombination at the triboelectric interface. To overcome this critical bottleneck, we report an architected multilayer B-TENG featuring a silk fibroin (SF)/MgAl LDH composite as the charge-generating layer and, to our knowledge, for the first time, a lignin-functionalized SF film as a dedicated charge-trapping layer. The strategic incorporation of lignin, an abundant and sustainable biopolymer, introduces deep-level electronic trapping states originating from its abundant aromatic moieties. That effectively suppresses interfacial charge recombination and prolongs charge lifetime. By optimizing the contents of MgAl LDH and lignin, the device achieves a measured open circuit output voltage ( V <inf> OC </inf>) and current density ( J <inf> SC </inf>) of 96 V and 6.56 μA/cm3, with a maximum output power ( P <inf> max </inf>) of 205 μW, corresponding to a power density of 22.7 μW/cm2. We also propose a mechanistic linking of deep-level traps to prolonged charge lifetime and increased net transferable charge. The interface-engineering strategy demonstrated here paves the way for developing high-performance and sustainable biopolymer-based TENGs and motion sensors.
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A Self-Powered and Chemically Responsive Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Surface Protonation in SrO2Nanopowder/Graphene Oxide/epoxy Composite for pH Sensing
(2025-12-05)
Saengpoe, Prasert
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Supasai, Wisut
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Amorntep, Narong
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Nilnumpetch, Chatree
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Nokkaew, Manussawee
Practical implementation of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) in autonomous systems is frequently impeded by their inadequate durability in chemically harsh environments. To address this limitation, we present a durable TENG utilizing a strontium dioxide nanopowders/graphene oxide/epoxy resin (SrO<inf>2</inf>NPOs/GO/ER) composite, positioning SrO<inf>2</inf>NPOs as an innovative, high-permittivity filler for triboelectric applications. By synergistically integrating the elevated dielectric constant of SrO<inf>2</inf>NPOs with the interfacial polarization of GO NPOs, our optimized composite achieves an outstanding output of approximately 136 V and 2.3 μA/cm2under a 100 N force, exceeding the performance of numerous advanced TENGs. Significantly, we convert a common degradation mechanism, i.e., surface protonation, into a functional sensing approach. The device leverages reversible protonation–deprotonation dynamics to convert environmental pH into distinct electrical signals, enabling self-powered, real-time pH sensing. The sensor exhibits excellent linearity (R2> 0.97) across three distinct operational regions (pH 1–12), demonstrating high sensitivity to acidity changes. The device has demonstrated remarkable durability, completing approximately 11,000 mechanical cycles. Also, the proposed device serves high chemical durability, maintaining stable performance (up to 6000 cycles) after 24 h immersion in neutral and alkaline solutions. Our work establishes a resilient, multifunctional platform that simultaneously harvests energy and senses its chemical surroundings by reframing protonation as a design principle. This breakthrough paves the way for next-generation TENGs for use in environmental monitoring, resilient IoT networks, and adaptive self-powered electronics that can function under conditions where the chemical environment changes.
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Renewable and sustainable green energy generation using Bi-functional TMOs decorated layered carbon nitride anchored on MXene for oxygen evolution reactions and urea oxidation reaction performance
(2025-12-01)
Vasu, Dhanapal
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Vittayakorn, Naratip
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Chang, Shih Hsien
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Lin, Kai Hsuan
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Chiu, Te Wei
This article presents a comprehensive evaluation of a novel V<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>–graphitic carbon nitride (gCN)/MXene (Ti<inf>3</inf>C<inf>2</inf>Tx) composite (VGM) electrocatalyst, designed to enhance the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and urea oxidation reaction (UOR). The VGM material was synthesized through a combination of hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching and thermal polymerization, offering a new approach for integrating transition metal oxides with 2D materials. Structural and surface analyses confirmed the successful formation of the hybrid catalyst with well-defined morphology and composition. Electrochemical studies revealed an impressively low overpotential of 151 mV and a Tafel slope of 95 mV/dec for OER, indicating excellent catalytic efficiency. The hybrid structure synergistically combines the high redox activity of V<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>, the large surface area of gCN, and the conductivity of MXene, leading to superior electrochemical performance. Additionally, the catalyst effectively drives the UOR, enabling simultaneous hydrogen generation and urea-rich wastewater remediation. This work introduces a cost-effective and multifunctional electrocatalyst design strategy, offering both energy and environmental benefits.
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Facile engineering of the 2D flaky structured bismuth yttrium oxide for the electrochemical detection of carbofuran in staple food samples
(2025-12-01)
Agalya, Mahalingam
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Meenakshi, Ganesh Abinaya
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Sakthinathan, Subramanian
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Nataraj, Nandini
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Chiu, Te Wei
The detection of carbofuran (CBF), a highly toxic pesticide, is essential for safeguarding environmental and agricultural systems. In this study, bismuth yttrium oxide (BYO) was synthesized as a new sensor material and employed for the electrochemical monitoring of CBF. Comprehensive characterization using physicochemical analysis revealed a flaky, irregular plate-like morphology with a significant surface area and numerous active sites, contributing to its excellent electrocatalytic properties. Electrochemical techniques, including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), were utilized to assess the material's performance. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirmed a low charge transfer resistance (R<inf>ct</inf>) of 37 Ω, signifying effective electron transfer at the electrode interface. The BYO-modified glassy carbon electrode (BYO/GCE) demonstrated an outstanding sensitivity of 8.9 μA μM−1 cm−2, with a dynamic linear range of 0.09 to 1179.34 μM for CBF in 0.01 M phosphate-buffered solution with pH about 7.0. It achieved an impressive limit of detection (LOD) of 0.0048 μM (4.8 nM) and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.016 μM. The sensor's practical applicability was validated through the successful detection of CBF in spiked agricultural crop samples, underscoring its potential for real-world environmental and food safety monitoring. This work introduces BYO as a novel and highly effective material for electrochemical sensing, offering an innovative approach to pesticide detection in agricultural applications.
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Boosting sustainable hydrogen production via water splitting and urea oxidation using spinel hollow-sphere nano catalysts
(2025-10-01)
Lin, Hsin Yu
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Vasu, Dhanapal
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Tsang, Chun Han
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Hsu, Cheng Shan
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Prashanth, Gopi
In this study, spinel MgCo<inf>2</inf>O<inf>4</inf> materials were synthesized using three different techniques: freeze-drying, solid-state, and hydrothermal methods, to evaluate their structural, morphological, and electrocatalytic properties. Comprehensive characterization techniques including XRD, Raman spectroscopy, FT-IR, FESEM, HRTEM, and XPS confirmed the successful formation of phase-pure MgCo<inf>2</inf>O<inf>4</inf> with varied morphologies. Among the synthesized materials, the freeze-dried sample exhibited a well-defined hollow-sphere structure, providing abundant electroactive sites and superior electron/mass transport pathways. This morphology contributed to outstanding electrocatalytic performance. For the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the hollow-sphere MgCo<inf>2</inf>O<inf>4</inf> catalyst demonstrated a low overpotential of 430 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 190 mV dec−1. In addition, the same catalyst exhibited excellent activity for the urea oxidation reaction (UOR), with a Tafel slope of 95 mV dec−1 and enhanced current density under alkaline conditions. The superior UOR activity, enabled by the lower oxidation potential of urea (∼0.37 V vs. RHE), also highlights its potential for energy-efficient hydrogen production and wastewater treatment. This work establishes a scalable and cost-effective strategy to synthesize high-performance MgCo<inf>2</inf>O<inf>4</inf> hollow-sphere electrocatalysts, paving the way for their application in sustainable energy and environmental technologies.
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Synergistic Integration of MgAl-LDH Nanosheets into Bacterial Cellulose for High-Performance Triboelectric Nanogenerators
(2025-08-04)
Mohsom, Phitchayaphorn
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Suktep, Natdanai
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Sae-Tang, Chanachot
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Pongampai, Satana
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Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
A novel nanocomposite design is presented in which magnesium aluminum layered double hydroxide (MgAl-LDH) nanosheets are synergistically integrated with bacterial cellulose (BC) to fabricate a flexible triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). Utilizing a facile solution synthesis combined with a casting process, composite films with controlled MgAl-LDH loadings (0.25–5% v/v) were developed. The optimal composite, containing 1.5% v/v MgAl-LDH, exhibits an open-circuit voltage (V<inf>OC</inf>) of 88.5 V, a short-circuit current (I<inf>SC</inf>) of 87.7 μA, and a maximum output power (P<inf>max</inf>) of 1250 μW (power density ≈138 μW/cm2), which is > 35 times higher than that of pristine BC. Notably, this performance corresponds to a superior filler efficiency metric, demonstrating a highly effective use of the nanosheet additive compared to other reported systems. This performance enhancement is attributed to the multifunctional role of MgAl-LDH nanosheets in increasing the dielectric constant through improved interfacial conductivity and the formation of parallel microcapacitors under an induced electric field. Finite element simulations corroborate the proposed mechanism, and practical demonstrations show the nanocomposite powering 200 LEDs as well as functioning as a self-powered sensor for finger movement monitoring. These findings advance the development of high-performance, flexible energy-harvesting devices.
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A Review of Thin-Film Growth, Properties, Applications, and Future Prospects
(2025-02-01)
Sakthinathan, Subramanian
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Meenakshi, Ganesh Abinaya
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Vinothini, Sivaramakrishnan
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Yu, Chung Lun
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Chen, Ching Lung
This review article’s primary aim is to discuss different thin-film deposition technique methods and their important uses. The histories of thin-film technology, thin-film growth, thin-film classification, and thin-film preparation techniques are also covered in this review article. The preparation and characterization of functional thin films and nanostructured materials, as well as various devices based on these materials and recent developments are also focused on in this review. The properties of the materials and several thin-film deposition techniques are also covered in this article. This review article also discusses the classification and application of thin-film sensors. Furthermore, the formation of thin films and their physical properties are impacted by deposition conditions such as pH, temperature, deposition time, and deposition parameters, which are analyzed. This article discusses how a wide range of potential uses in structural, mechanical, and protective coatings; sensing; energy storage systems; catalysis; optoelectronics; and biomedicine are made possible by the special qualities of thin films and nanostructured materials, including their high surface area to volume ratio, structure, surface charge, anisotropic nature, and tunable functionalities.
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Next-generation hybrid nanogenerators using giant piezoelectric lead-free KNNS composites for sustainable self-powered electronics
(2025-01-05)
Sumang, Rattiphorn
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Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Bongkarn, Theerachai
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Chiu, Te Wei
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Vittayakorn, Naratip
This study presents a flexible hybrid nanogenerator that utilizes lead-free KNNS-BF-xBNZ materials integrated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to enhance energy harvesting performance. The findings demonstrate that by combining piezoelectric and triboelectric effects, the energy conversion efficiency of the nanogenerator is significantly improved, resulting in high output voltage and current, suitable for real-world applications. Specifically, the optimal composition of KNNS-BF-xBNZ ceramics, with x = 0.03 mol.%, yields superior piezoelectric, ferroelectric, and dielectric properties, with remnant polarization (P<inf>r</inf>), spontaneous polarization (P<inf>s</inf>), and piezoelectric coefficient (d<inf>33</inf>) values reaching 18.8 μmC/cm², 30.3 μmC/cm², and 358 pC/N, respectively. In the hybrid device, incorporating 15 wt% of KNNS-BF-3BNZ into PDMS resulted in the highest open-circuit voltage (V<inf>OC</inf>) of 107 V and short-circuit current (I<inf>SC</inf>) of 4.68 μA. The developed hybrid nanogenerator effectively charges capacitors for energy storage, powers LEDs, and drives small electronic devices, such as watches, showcasing its potential for practical energy harvesting applications. The findings suggest that the integration of KNNS-BF-3BNZ with PDMS provides an efficient and scalable pathway for fabricating high-performance nanogenerators, paving the way for advancements in self-powered devices and sustainable energy solutions.
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The role of γ-C2H5NO2 as a new transient liquid phase in cold sintering process of BaTiO3 composites
(2024-07-01)
Noisak, Jitrawan
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Ieamviteevanich, Pimchanok
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Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
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Pinpru, Nattapong
Dielectric materials, such as barium titanate (BT)-based materials, have excellent dielectric properties but require high temperatures (above 1300 °C) for ceramic fabrication, leading to high costs and energy loss. The cold sintering process (CSP) offers a solution to these issues and is gaining worldwide attention as an innovative fabrication route. In this work, we proposed an alternative organic ferroelectric phase, gamma-glycine (γ-GC), which acts as a transient liquid phase to fabricate high-density composites with barium titanate (BT) at low temperatures through CSP. Our findings show that the density of 15γ-GC/85BT reached 96.7%±1.6% when it was sintered at 120 °C for 6 h under 10 MPa uniaxial pressure. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) mappings of the composite suggested that γ-GC completely underwent the precipitation–dissolution process and, therefore, filled between BT particles. Moreover, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the preservation of γ-GC without undesired phase transformation. In addition, the ferroelectric and dielectric properties of γ-GC/BT composites have been reported. The high dielectric constant (ε<inf>r</inf>) was 3600, and the low dielectric loss (tanδ) was 1.20 at 200 °C and 100 kHz for the 15γ-GC/85BT composite. The hysteresis loop showed a remanent polarization (P<inf>r</inf>) of 0.55 µC·cm-2 and a coercive field (E<inf>c</inf>) of 7.25 kV·cm-1. Our findings reaffirmed that an organic ferroelectric material (γ-GC) can act as a transient liquid phase in a CSP that can successfully and sustainably fabricate γ-GC/BT composites at low temperatures while delivering outstandingly high performance.
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CuFe2O4 Nanofiber Incorporated with a Three-Dimensional Graphene Sheet Composite Electrode for Supercapacitor and Electrochemical Sensor Application
(2024-06-01)
Vinothini, Sivaramakrishnan
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Keyan, Arjunan Karthi
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Sakthinathan, Subramanian
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Chiu, Te Wei
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Vittayakorn, Naratip
The demand for regenerative energy and electric automotive applications has grown in recent decades. Supercapacitors have multiple applications in consumer alternative electronic products due to their excellent energy density, rapid charge/discharge time, and safety. CuFe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>4</inf>-incorporated three-dimensional graphene sheet (3DGS) nanocomposites were studied by different characterization studies such as X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical studies were based on cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. As prepared, 3DGS/CuFe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>4</inf> nanocomposites exhibited an excellent surface area, high energy storage with appreciable durability, and excellent electrocatalysis properties. A supercapacitor with 3DGS/CuFe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>4</inf>-coated nickel foam (NF) electrodes exhibited an excellent specific capacitance of 488.98 Fg−1, a higher current density, as well as a higher power density. After charge–discharge cycles in a 2.0 M KOH aqueous electrolyte solution, the 3DGS/CuFe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>4</inf>/NF electrodes exhibited an outstanding cyclic stability of roughly 95% at 10 Ag−1, indicating that the prepared nanocomposites could have the potential for energy storage applications. Moreover, the 3DGS/CuFe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>4</inf> electrode exhibited an excellent electrochemical detection of chloramphenicol with a detection limit of 0.5 µM, linear range of 5–400 µM, and electrode sensitivity of 3.7478 µA µM−1 cm−2.

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