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A Novel Cross Injection Analysis for Simultaneous Multi-Determination of Diabetic Nephropathy Biomarkers in Urine
(2026-05-01)
Inpota, Prawpan
;
Choengchan, Nathawut
This work presents, for the first time, a novel cross injection analysis (CIA) system for the simultaneous multi-determination of key biomarkers associated with diabetic nephropathy—namely, albumin, creatinine, and glucose—within a single analytical run. Unlike conventional flow-based techniques that rely on sequential measurements, the proposed CIA platform integrates multiple analytical pathways into a unified design, enabling one-shot multi-analyte analysis without the need for complex separation units or injection valves. The system employs peristaltic pumps and a rectangular platform with orthogonal flow channels, allowing concurrent aspiration and efficient transport of reaction products to compact detectors. Albumin determination was based on ion-association with tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester. Creatinine was measured using the Jaffé reaction. Glucose was colorimetrically detected via its reaction with 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid. The developed CIA provides enhanced sensitivity through its pre-mixing effect, enabling reliable quantification of trace analytes. Excellent analytical performance was achieved, including wide linear ranges (r2 > 0.99), good precision (RSD < 7%), and rapid analysis (5 min). The method was validated against established reference methods, showing no significant differences, and successfully applied to urine with satisfactory recoveries (84.8–107.3%). Importantly, the proposed system adheres to green chemistry by minimizing reagent consumption and waste generation, offering a sustainable approach for multi-parameter clinical analysis.
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Transparent Cross-Flow Platform as Chemiluminescence Detection Cell in Cross Injection Analysis
(2023-02-01)
Somboonsuk, Thachkorn
;
Saetear, Phoonthawee
;
Mantim, Thitirat
;
Ratanawimarnwong, Nuanlaor
;
Wilairat, Prapin
This work presents the use of a transparent ‘Cross Injection Analysis’ (CIA) platform as a flow system for chemiluminescence (CL) measurements. The CL-CIA flow device incorporates introduction channels for samples and reagents, and the reaction and detection channels are in one acrylic unit. A photomultiplier tube placed above the reaction channel detects the emitted luminescence. The system was applied to the analysis of (i) Co(II) via the Co(II)-catalyzed H<inf>2</inf>O<inf>2</inf>-luminol reaction and (ii) paracetamol via its inhibitory effect on the catalytic activity of Fe(CN)<inf>6</inf>3− on the H<inf>2</inf>O<inf>2</inf>-luminol reaction. A linear calibration was obtained for Co(II) in the range of 0.002 to 0.025 mg L−1 Co(II) (r2 = 0.9977) for the determination of Co(II) in water samples. The linear calibration obtained for the paracetamol was 10 to 200 mg L−1 (r2 = 0.9906) for the determination of pharmaceutical products. The sample throughput was 60 samples h−1. The precision was ≤4.2% RSD. The consumption of the samples and reagents was ca. 170 µL per analysis cycle.
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Chemometrics-assisted cross injection analysis for simultaneous determination of phosphate and silicate
(2016-07-14)
Uraisin, Kanchana
;
Janya, Supavita
;
Phechkrajang, Chutima
;
Choengchan, Nathawut
;
Tiyapongpattana, Warawut
This work presents a novel method for simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of phosphate and silicate by using a cross injection analysis (CIA) coupled with the use of partial least squares (PLS) for data evaluation. The detection principle is based on the well-known ‘molybdenum blue’ method. The molybdate ions in the presence of stannous chloride in acidic medium give phosphomolybdenum blue and silicomolybdenum blue as products. In this work, all the liquids, including sample and reagents were simultaneously introduced into a CIA platform by using two peristaltic pumps for controlling the x-channel and y-channel flow which was automatically manipulated by using in-house control board. Crossflow provides sufficient mixing inside the platform prior detection of the absorption spectra of blue complexes in the wavelength of 400–900 nm. Since spectra of the blue colour product of phosphate and silicate are resemblant, these two analytes therefore reciprocally interfere with one another. This results in difficulty in simultaneous analysis of phosphate and silicate. In this work, PLS was utilised as assistor of CIA system for simultaneous analysis of phosphate and silicate using molybdenum blue reaction without using any modification of reagents and addition of selective masking agent. The calibration ranges are 0.1–6 mgP L−1 and 5–100 mgSi L−1 for phosphate and silicate, respectively. By using CIA coupled with PLS for data evaluation, the analysis of two analytes was achieved within 1.5 min with only single injection. The developed system was applied to natural water samples and the system was validated with the conventional methods. By statistical paired t-test, there was no evidence of significant difference at 95% confidence level (t<inf>stat</inf> = 2.28, t<inf>critical</inf> = 2.31 and t<inf>stat</inf> = 0.62, t<inf>critical</inf> = 2.31 for phosphate and silicate, respectively). This implied that the chemometrics-assisted CIA system was successfully developed for simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of phosphate and silicate.

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