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Sustainable oleogel encapsulation of tilapia fish oil using protein-based cryogels: fabrication, characterization, and digestion behavior
(2025-09-18)
Purba, Daniel Tua
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Dave, Jaydeep
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Somboon, Pichayada
In this study, a novel cryogel-templated oleogel system was developed by incorporating sustainable tilapia fish oil (STFO-O) into hybrid protein-based cryogels composed of whey protein isolate (WPI), fish gelatin (FG), and tannic acid (TA) as a natural polyphenolic crosslinker. Unlike previous reports on single-phase cryogels or oleogels, this dual-network system synergistically combines the advantages of protein-polyphenol interactions and porous cryogel structures for improved encapsulation, stability, and targeted release of omega-3-rich oils. The tilapia visceral oil extracted using a green deep eutectic solvent-ultrasound-assisted method, exhibited high unsaturated fatty acid content (74.07%), including 31.72% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and 8.47% omega-3 fatty acids, including α-linolenic acid (ALA), EPA, and DHA. The optimized WPI/FG 15 : 5-TA formulation showed excellent oil absorption (42.20 ± 0.20 g g<sup>−1</sup>) and holding capacity (96.80 ± 0.69%), with a peroxide value of only 2.95 ± 0.14 meq kg<sup>−1</sup> after 8 days at 30 °C, indicating enhanced oxidative stability. FTIR analysis confirmed hydrogen bonding and successful entrapment of oil within the protein matrix. In vitro digestion demonstrated a controlled release profile, with free fatty acid (FFA) release limited to 62.17 ± 2.76% after 120 minutes compared to 83.61 ± 1.42% in the WPI-only control. These results validate the WPI-FG-TA cryogel-oleogel system as a promising and sustainable platform for delivering omega-3-enriched fish oils in functional food and nutraceutical applications.
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Sustainable fish oil extraction from catfish visceral biomass: A comparative study between high-shear homogenization and high-frequency ultrasound on wet rendering process
(2025-01-01)
Dave, Jaydeep
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Kumar, Nishant
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Upadhyay, Ashutosh
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Purba, Daniel Tua
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Kudre, Tanaji
Traditional wet rendering leads to the degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish oil. Therefore, we combined this method with high-shear homogenization and high-frequency ultrasound to extract oil from Clarias magur visceral biomass. This way, we aimed to achieve higher oil yield, shorter extraction times, and a better preservation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. High-shear homogenization and high-frequency ultrasound increased the oil yields by 9.17 and 10.55%, respectively, compared to traditional wet rendering. The oil quality was also improved, with lower acid and peroxide values. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed enhanced cell disruption for increasing the oil extraction efficiency. Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy also proved the efficacy of homogenization and ultrasound pretreatment in enhancing the extraction of polyunsaturated fatty acids from C. magur visceral biomass. Their content showed a significant variation among different extraction methods. Specifically, the high-frequency ultrasound method resulted in a notable 15.1% increase, while the high-shear homogenization method demonstrated a significant 13.3% increase, compared to the wet rendering method (control). The oil extracted by the high-frequency ultrasound method demonstrated a 7.5% increase in eicosatetraenoic acid and a 11.7% increase in docosahexaenoic acid, as compared to the oil obtained from the control method. High-shear homogenization and high-frequency ultrasound shortened the extraction time and reduced the temperature requirements for oil extraction from wet biomass. These techniques have potential for efficient fish oil extraction, valuable in the healthcare and food industries.
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A bilayer emulsion containing encapsulated catfish oil, stabilized with whey protein isolates and fish gelatin for development of PUFA rich mayonnaise
(2024-11-01)
Dave, Jaydeep
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Kumar, Vikas
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Kingwascharapong, Passakorn
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Moula Ali, Ali Muhammed
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Bavisetty, Sri Charan Bindu
This study investigated the impact of sequential deposition of whey protein isolate (WPI) and fish gelatin (FG) on primary o/w emulsions containing 5% catfish oil at concentrations of 0.1–0.75%. Initially, the emulsions were stabilized using 0.5% FG and WPI. The study also examined the influence of sequentially depositing WPI and FG within the emulsions on various parameters, such as stability, particle size, viscosity, electronegativity, and oxidative stability of bilayer fish oil emulsions. It was observed that the particle size increased significantly when FG was deposited onto the primary WPI emulsion, from 0.57 to 1.61 μm. Furthermore, this process increased the apparent viscosity of the emulsion while reducing its droplet charge from − 24.93 to -12.17 mV. Conversely, depositing WPI onto the primary FG emulsion led to a reduction in the particle size and a slight increase in both electronegativity and viscosity. Concerning oxidative stability, a bilayer emulsion consisting of 0.5% WPI and 0.75% FG showed the lowest levels (hexanal concentration: 0.32 ppm) of oxidation after 21 days of storage. The mayonnaise fortified with a 20% bilayer emulsion consisting of 0.5% WPI and 0.75% FG exhibited rheological and microstructural properties comparable to those of commercial mayonnaise. Moreover, the fortification of mayonnaise with emulsified fish oil enhanced the fatty acid profile by increasing Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and reducing Saturated fatty acids (SFA).
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Ultrasonication on Collagen Yield, Physiochemical and Structural Properties from Seabass (Lates Calcarifer) Scales as Affected by Pretreatment and Extraction Conditions
(2024-01-01)
Bavisetty, Sri Charan Bindu
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Karnjanapratum, Supatra
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Dave, Jaydeep
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Purba, Daniel Tua
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Kudre, Tanaji
This research explored the use of ultrasound as a pretreatment and extraction assisted process for extraction of collagen from seabass scales. Both acid-soluble (AC) and pepsin-soluble collagens (PC) were extracted with ultrasonication at different extraction times (24 and 48 h). Ultrasound pretreatment (PU) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UE) notably improved AC extraction yields over 48 hours, registering 2.12% and 4.62%, respectively. The highest yield for PC, 21.85%, was achieved with 48 hours of ultrasound assisted extraction. Protein analysis verified the extracted collagens as type I, indicated by the presence of specific α and β chains. Further, FTIR spectra confirmed collagen's presence in all samples through distinct amide band peaks. Interestingly, ultrasound processes marginally reduced AC's thermal stability while boosting PC's thermal stability, especially when combined with pepsin treatment. Moreover, CD spectroscopy showed the preserved native structure of collagen across all samples. The ultrasound method increased collagen extraction yields and retained its structural integrity. These outcomes are pivotal for advancing collagen extraction methods in the biomedical and food sectors.
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Investigating the impact of wet rendering (solventless method) on PUFA-rich oil from catfish (Clarias magur) viscera
(2024-01-01)
Dave, Jaydeep
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Ali, Ali Muhammed Moula
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Kumar, Nishant
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Nagarajan, Muralidharan
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Kieliszek, Marek
Catfish (Clarias magur) is a popular freshwater fish food worldwide. The processing of this fish generates a significant amount of waste, mainly in the form of viscera, which constitutes around 10–12% of the fish’s total weight. This study was focused on extracting polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich oil from catfish viscera, aiming to enhance the extraction process and make the production of oil and handling of fish byproducts more cost-effective. The wet reduction method, a solvent-free approach, was used for extraction, with yield optimization done via the Box–Behnken design. The resulting oil was evaluated for its oxidative quality and chemical characteristics. The optimal conditions for the wet rendering process were as follows: viscera to water ratio, 1:0.5 (w/v); temperature, 90℃; and time, 20 min, yielding 12.40 g/100 g of oil. The oil extracted under optimal wet rendering conditions had quality and oxidative stability comparable to solvent extraction and fewer secondary oxidation compounds. This oil had a higher PUFA content, specifically a 4:1 ratio of omega 6 to omega 3. Such oil, derived from catfish viscera, is suitable for the food industry due to its solvent-free extraction method.
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Influence of solvent-free extraction of fish oil from catfish (Clarias magur) heads using a Taguchi orthogonal array design: A qualitative and quantitative approach
(2023-01-01)
Dave, Jaydeep
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Ali, Ali Muhammed Moula
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Kudre, Tanaji
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Nukhthamna, Pikunthong
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Kumar, Nishant
This study aimed to efficiently utilize catfish heads, enhancing the oil extraction process while improving the cost-effectiveness of fish byproduct management. The study employed the wet rendering method, a solvent-free approach, utilizing a two-factor Taguchi orthogonal array design to identify critical parameters for optimizing oil yield and ensuring high-quality oil attributes. The extraction temperature (80-120°C) and time (5-25 min) were chosen as variables in the wet rendering process. Range analysis identified the extraction time as a more significant (p < 0.05) factor for most parameters, including oil yield, oil recovery, acid value, free fatty acids, peroxide value, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. The extraction temperature was more significant (p < 0.05) for oil color. Consequently, the wet rendering method was optimized, resulting in an extraction temperature of 80°C and an extraction time of 25min, yielding the highest oil yield. This optimized wet rendering process recovered 6.37 g/100 g of oil with an impressive 54.16% oil recovery rate, demonstrating comparable performance to traditional solvent extraction methods. Moreover, Fourier transfer infrared spectra analysis revealed distinct peaks associated with triacylglycerols and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The oil recovered under optimized conditions contained higher levels of PUFA, including oleic acid (189.92 μg/g of oil), linoleic acid (169.92 μg/g of oil), eicosapentaenoic acid (17.41 μg/g of oil), and docosahexaenoic acid (20.82 μg/g of oil). Volatile compound analysis revealed lower levels of secondary oxidation compounds under optimized conditions. This optimized wet rendering method offers practical advantages in terms of cost-efficiency, sustainability, reduced environmental impact, and enhanced oil quality, making it an attractive option for the fish processing industries. Future research possibilities may include the purification of the catfish head oil and its application in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

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