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Comparative study of health properties and nutritional value of durian, mangosteen, and snake fruit: Experiments in vitro and in vivo
(2007-07-11)
Haruenkit, Ratiporn
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Poovarodom, Sumitra
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Leontowicz, Hanna
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Leontowicz, Maria
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Sajewicz, Mietek
In vitro and in vivo studies of the health and nutritional properties of durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) were compared with snake fruit (Salacca edulis Reinw.) and mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana). Dietary fibers, minerals, and trace metals were comparable. Total polyphenols (mg of GAE/100 g of FW) and flavonoids (85.1 ± 6.1) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in snake fruit (217.1 ± 13.2 (mg of CE/100 g of FW)), durian (309.7 ± 19.3 and 61.2 ± 4.9), and mangosteen (190.3 ± 12.1 and 54.1 ± 3.8). Antioxidant activity (μM TE/100 g of FW) of durian measured by DPPH and ABTS assays (228.2 ± 13.4 and 2016.3 ± 81.1) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in snake fruit (110.4 ± 7.9 and 1507.5 ± 70.1) and mangosteen (79.1 ± 5.9 and 1268.6 ± 62.3). HPLC/DAD analysis of durian (μg/100 g of FW) showed that quercetin (1214.23 ± 116.7) was present at levels three times that of caffeic acid, and twice as high as p-coumaric and cinnamic acids. The correlation coefficients between the bioactive compounds of fruits and their antioxidant activities were high (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.99). Male Wistar rats (25) were divided into five dietary groups: the control group was fed the basal diet (BD); in addition to BD, the cholesterol (Chol) group was supplemented with 1% of Chol; the diets of the Chol/Durian, Chol/Snake, and Chol/Mangosteen groups were supplemanted with 5% of these fruits, respectively. It was found that diets supplemented with durian, and to a lesser degree with snake fruit and mangosteen, significantly hindered the rise in plasma lipids and the decrease in antioxidant activity. The nutritional values were comparably high. In conclusion, it could be suggested that inclusion of studied tropical fruits, especially durian, in known disease-preventing diets could be beneficial. © 2007 American Chemical Society.
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Relationship between dicotyledone-amaranth, quinoa, fagopyrum, soybean and monocots- sorghum and rice based on protein analyses and their use as substitution of each other
(2005-07-01)
Gorinstein, Shela
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Drzewiecki, Jerzy
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Delgado-Licon, Efren
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Pawelzik, Elke
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Ayala, Alma Leticia Martinez
Comparative protein studies of cereals and pseudocereals are important, especially in cases of cereal protein allergy when pseudocereal substitution is unavoidable. Therefore, ten species and cultivars belonging to different Angiosperms families (Oryza sativa normal Poaceae, bran Poaceae and Jasmin Hom Dokmali Poaceae, Sorghum technicum Battand et Traubt Poaceae, Glycine max L. Merr. Fabaceae, Fagopyrum esculentum Mnch. Polygonaceae, Chenopodium quinoa Wild Chenopodiaceae, Amaranthus hybridum v.1004 Amaranthaceae, cruentus v. R104 Amaranthaceae and hypochondriacus v.1023 Amaranthaceae) were examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS-PAGE) seed protein markers, fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) spectra and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) measurements. A high degree of polymorphism of all species and cultivars was found. Amaranth species have very similar seed protein electrophoretic profiles. According to UPGMA algorithm the examined species and varieties could be clustered into two similarity groups. Soybean, quinoa, buckwheat and Amaranth (as a genus) can be considered as phylogenic distant taxa. The fluorescence properties of amaranth, soybean, quinoa, rice and buckwheat soluble protein fractions were measured by fluorescence of tryptophan at 295 nm, light intensity, peak response and shift in the maximum of emission. Relative structural stabilities of native proteins were estimated by CD and FTIR. Similarities were found between these plants, which could make them a substitution of each other as well as for cereals. © Springer-Verlag 2005.
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Fresh Israeli Jaffa blond (Shamouti) orange and Israeli Jaffa red star ruby (Sunrise) grapefruit juices affect plasma lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity in rats fed added cholesterol
(2004-07-28)
Gorinstein, Shela
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Leontowicz, Hanna
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Leontowicz, Maria
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Krzeminski, Ryszard
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Gralak, Mikolaj
The bioactivity of Israeli Jaffa blond (Shamouti) fresh orange and Israeli Jaffa red Star Ruby (Sunrise) grapefruit juices was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The contents of bioactive compounds of these juices were determined. The influence of bioactive compounds on plasma lipids and plasma antioxidant activity in rats fed cholesterol-containing and cholesterol-free diets was assessed. Significant differences in the contents of dietary fibers were not found. The contents of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins in fresh orange and grapefruit juices were 962.1 ± 27.2 and 906.9 ± 27.1; 50.1 ± 3.3 and 44.8 ± 3.2; and 69.9 ± 5.6 and 68.7 ± 5.5 μg/mL, respectively. The antioxidant potential measured by the scavenging activity against nitric oxide, the β-carotene-linoleate model system (β-carotene), and the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diamonium salt assays was higher in orange juice but not significantly. A high level of correlation between contents of total polyphenols and flavonoids and antioxidant potential values of both juices was found. Diets supplemented with orange and to a lesser degree with grapefruit juices improved plasma lipid metabolism only in rats fed added cholesterol. However, an increase in the plasma antioxidant activity was observed in both groups. In conclusion, fresh orange and grapefruit juices contain high quantities of bioactive compounds, which guarantee their high antioxidant potential, and the positive influence on plasma lipid metabolism and plasma antioxidant activity could make fresh orange and grapefruit juices a valuable supplement for disease-preventing diets.
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Use of scanning electron microscopy to indicate the similarities and differences in pseudocereal and cereal proteins
(2004-02-01)
Gorinstein, Shela
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Pawelzik, Elke
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Delgado-Licon, Efren
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Yamamoto, Kazutaka
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Kobayashi, Shoichi
Isolated and separated protein fractions from cereal and pseudocereal grains were analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and scanning electron microscopy. Prolamin, the main storage protein in cereal such as maize, showed a difference in electrophoretic patterns and fine structure in comparison with those from amaranth and soybean. In contrast glutelins from amaranth, soybean and maize showed some similarity in the distribution of protein bands and in microstructure. Amaranth and soybean were closely similar in distribution of protein fractions and their microscopic structure. As an addition to chemical analyses, microscopy helped to understand and visualize structural changes and textural differences in protein fractions. Pseudocereals can be used as a nutritive substitute of some cereals in functional foods.
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Identification and Differences of Total Proteins and their Soluble Fractions in some Pseudocereals Based on Electrophoretic Patterns
(2003-12-17)
Drzewiecki, Jerzy
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Delgado-Licon, Efren
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Haruenkit, Ratiporn
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Pawelzik, Elke
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Martin-Belloso, Olga
Genetic diversity and relationships of 11 species and cultivars belonging to different Angiosperms families were examined using sodium dodecyl sulfate seed protein markers. The protein was resolved into 36 bands (for soybean), 41 (for quinoa), 35 (for buckwheat), and 28 to 39 bands of Amaranth species, respectively. All species and cultivars can be distinguished from each other. Soybean, quinoa, and buckwheat species had a characteristic protein pattern showing a high degree of polymorphism. The protein patterns of soybean were considerably different from other species. Amaranth species had similar seed protein electrophoretic profile. The similarity coefficients calculated on the basis of presence and absence of bands ranged from 0.08 to 0.97. Following the UPGMA algorithm of similarity coefficients, the examined species and varieties could be clustered into two similarity groups. Our results did not confirm the Tachtadzjan hypothesis that Polygonales (e.g., buckwheat) and Caryophyllales (e.g., quinoa and amaranth) are closely related. Our data rather indicate occurrence of significant genetic distance (similarity coefficients 0.05-0.10). Also, it is doubtful that amaranth and quinoa species are also closely related (similarity coefficients varied from 0.16 to 0.25). It seems that soybean, quinoa, buckwheat, and amaranth (as a genus) can be considered as phylogenetic distant taxa. Differences and similarities in the secondary structure were observed by circular dichroism spectra. Some similarity was found between these plants in their soluble protein fractions and amino acid composition. These plants can be a substitution of each other as well as for cereals.
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Characterisation of pseudocereal and cereal proteins by protein and amino acid analyses
(2002-06-15)
Gorinstein, Shela
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Pawelzik, Elke
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Delgado-Licon, Efren
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Haruenkit, Ratiporn
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Weisz, Moshe
Maize, wheat, amaranth, rice and soybean were screened for protein content. Alcohol-soluble (A1 and A2) and glutelin (G1 and G2) fractions were isolated and compared in terms of their amino acid and protein compositions. The average proportions of nitrogen content between total alcohol-soluble proteins (TASP) and total glutelins (TGlu) in the pseudocereals amaranth and soybean were about 1.8:26.9 and 14.9:12.3 respectively. In the cereals maize and wheat these proportions were 47.8:33.2 and 44.7:31.2 respectively. The sum of essential amino acids was 47.6 and 60.3g per 100g protein in amaranth and soybean respectively. The highest contents of methionine, lysine and arginine were found in the pseudocereals. The relatively high content of essential amino acids shows that pseudocereals could be used as a nutrient substitute for cereals. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry.

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