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The effect of microfludization on characteristics and herbicidal potential of peppermint nanoemulsion on Amaranthus tricolor
(2024-01-01)
Dimak, J.
;
Somala, N.
;
Laosinwattana, C.
;
Teerarak, M.
The natural herbicides are friendly environment and human health. Peppermint essential oil nanoemulsion was prepared by a high-energy emulsification method using microfluidization with a non-ionic surfactant Tween 60 and was used to inhibit germination of Amaranthus tricolor seeds. Droplet size of the nanoemulsion was reduced by increasing the pressure of microfluidization from 5000 to 20000 psi (from 130.2 to 69.8 nm). The highest pressure (20000 psi) found the smallest droplet size of the nanoemulsion that droplet size, PI value, and zeta potential were 69.8 nm, 0.277, and -44.17 mV, respectively. Also, each pressure formulation (5000, 10000, 15000, and 20000 psi) was evaluated for the pre-emergence herbicidal activities namely inhibition of seed germination and seedling growth, seed imbibition, and a-amylase of Amaranthus tricolor seed. The obtained results of herbicidal activities correlated with droplet size that the herbicidal activities increased when increasing the pressure of microfluidization. The nanoemulsion formulation of pressure at 20000 psi treatment solution showed the highest herbicidal activities. Thus, these results may promote the optimized nanoemulsion from peppermint essential oil using a microfluidization method as a natural pre-emergence herbicide to inhibit seed germination and seedling growth of A. tricolor.
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Effects of commercial feed, mulberry leaves, and mixed feed on growth in apple snails (Pomacea sp.)
(2023-03-01)
Srijad, S.
;
Pilapang, K.
;
Dimak, J.
;
Yomla, R.
This study determined the effects of different feeds on the growth performances of apple snails by using three treatments (commercial feed: CF, mulberry leaves: ML, and mixed feed: MF (commercial feed mixed with mulberry leaves). Apple snails at the age of four-five weeks were an average weight of 0.09 g/snail. These were reared in the CS which managed water circulation twice a day (one-hour morning-evening) and fed feed once an evening-day for 6 weeks. The results showed that the average weight of apple snails (Pomacea sp.) in a closed system (CS) were significantly differed (P<0.05). The highest average weight was found in the MF with 4.3+0.4 g/snail. The CF and ML groups were displayed as 2.5+0.2, and 1.8+0.1 g/snail, respectively. The average length (mm/snail) of the MF group was significantly differed (P<0.05) in the ML and CF groups. These were 23.38±1.13, 24.07±1.14, and 28.12±1.59 of average length (mm/snail) in the ML, the CF, and the MF groups, respectively. The survival rate of apple snails in the CF (91.6±5.0%), ML (99.4±0.7%), and MF (94.5±6.1%) groups was significantly differed (P<0.05) among the ML and the CF groups. The lower FCR was found at 1.16 in the CF group which significantly differed when compared to the ML (1.34) and the MF (1.34) groups. Nutrient contents (protein, fat, fiber, ash, nitrogen-free extract (NFE), calcium, and phosphorus content) were significant differences (P<0.05). The highest protein content and lowest fat content of dried weight found in the ML group were 54.3±0.06% and 3.45±0.18 % respectively. These findings indicated that the easy way to culture apple snails using the commercial feed, and the alternative way to rear apple snails could be used appreciative feeds.
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Formulation and application of clove essential oil-based nanoemulsion against Ruellia tuberosa L.
(2023-02-01)
Somala, N.
;
Laosinwattana, C.
;
Dimak, J.
;
Teerarak, M.
Clove essential oil, a volatile compound, plays a role in herbicidal action on broadleaf weeds. Synthesis and technology nanoemulsion-based herbicide help protect the effectiveness of oils. The present study focused on the formulation, characteristics of clove essential oil-based nanoemulsion, and their herbicidal activity against Ruellia tuberosa L. The nanoemulsion containing clove essential oil was produced using the high-energy emulsification method with Tween 85 (HLB 11) and Span 85 (HLB 1.8) as an emulsifier agent (non-ionic surfactant), enabling the performance of clove oil nanoparticle size. The characteristic of nanoemulsion after being prepared 1 day showed that the droplet size, polydispersity index (PI) and zeta potential value was 152.5 nm, 0.162 and -32.68 mV, respectively. Even after 28 days, these characteristics have changed slightly. To confirm the droplet size, transmission electron microscope (TEM) images verified the clove oil-based nanoparticle size. Pre-emergence herbicidal activity under laboratory tests showed that the nanoemulsion at a concentration of 100, 200, 400 and 800 µL L-1 of oil reduced the germination and seedling growth of the tested weed. Inhibitory effect was absolutely at 800 µL L-1 of clove oil. Post-emergence application of nanoemulsion at a various concentration of 2000, 4000, 8000 and 10000 µL L-1 of oil was sprayed on 2-4 true leaves stage of tested weed. After foliar-applied nanoemulsion 24 h, the results showed that chlorophyll and carotenoid content decreased. Moreover, an increase in relative electrolyte leakage (REL) and malondialdehyde (MDA) indicated membrane disruption. This research supported that the clove oil-based nanoformulation may have a strong phytotoxic effect on R. tuberosa L. The nanoemulsion from clove oil is friendly to the environment and promote natural herbicide production for sustainable weed control.

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