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Optimization of hydrothermal carbonization of Rhizoclonium riparium macroalgae using response surface methodology for high-performance solid biofuel production
(2026-01-01)
Chanpee, Sirayu
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Jadsadajerm, Supachai
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Manatura, Kanit
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Wongrerkdee, Sutthipoj
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Eiad-ua, Apiluck
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) was adopted as a promising approach for improving fuel quality for several high-moist biomass. In this study, the Rhizoclonium riparium macroalgae (RMA), an abundant marine alga in an aquaculture pond, was successfully converted into hydrochars as a sustainable solid biofuel. The Box Behnken design (BBD) was applied for the HTC experiment to investigate the individual and interactive effects of operating parameters, including HTC temperature, reaction time, and water ratio, on hydrochar physicochemical characteristics and fuel properties. The response surface optimization (RSM) revealed maximum mass yield (MY) of 79.1%, higher heating value (HHV) of 23.6 MJ/kg, and energy yield (EY) of 94.4%. The RSM-BBD of process parameters and their HTC effects showed that the decreasing MY and EY were significantly due to the HTC temperature and residence time. From ANOVA analysis, temperature, time, and water ratio were the most significant parameters responding to MY, HHV, and EY. The optimal conditions for hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of RMA as a solid biofuel were determined to be a temperature of 200 °C, a duration of 2 h, and a water-to-biomass ratio of 1:1, producing the highest energy yield (EY) of 95.3%. Utilizing RSM-BBD to investigate HTC parameters for hydrochar production is a suitable effort for technical scalability.
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Oil palm leaf-derived nanoporous carbon via hydrothermal carbonization combined with NaOH microwave activation for tetracycline adsorption
(2025-11-01)
Chanpee, Sirayu
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Apinyakul, Naruemon
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Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
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Khemasiri, Narathon
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Eiad-ua, Apiluck
Generally, the increase in pharmaceutical industrial activities has led to a corresponding rise in water resource contamination. Efforts have been dedicated to addressing the urgent challenge of waste biomass disposal by developing recycling methods capable of producing bio-adsorbents. Adsorption is a promising approach for removing tetracycline contaminants, owing to its simplicity, stability, and cost-effectiveness. In this study, a low-cost activated biochar was successfully developed using oil palm leaf (OPL) via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) combined microwave-assisted pyrolysis system (MAPS) using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The HTC and MAPS processes enhanced high mass yield, porosity, energy efficiency, and reduced reaction time. NaOH treatment improved the porosity of the activated biochar derived from OPL, resulting primarily in a mesoporous structure. However, NaOH treatment via the MAPS process increased surface area and porosity. Among the samples tested, OPLC-NaOH-1:1 exhibited the largest surface area and highest porosity, making it the chosen candidate for further TC adsorption tests. The adsorption experiments revealed that the Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model accurately matched the experimental data, suggesting a mono-layered adsorption mechanism due to micropores and chemisorption interactions. Additionally, thermodynamic analysis indicated an endothermic and spontaneous reaction during the adsorption process. The adsorption of nanoporous carbon for TC was primarily regulated by pore filling, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic effects, and π-π interactions also playing a significant role. Overall, this study highlights the potential of utilizing OPL waste as a sustainable material for producing nanoporous carbon and underscores the effectiveness of nanoporous carbon for adsorbing antibiotics.
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Synthesis of nanoporous carbon from brewer waste by hydrothermal carbonization assisted chemical activation for carbamazepine adsorption
(2024-06-01)
Apinyakul, Naruemon
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Chanpee, Sirayu
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Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
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Khemasiri, Narathon
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Eiad-ua, Apiluck
Nanoporous carbon (NPC) has gained significant attention in wastewater treatment due to its effectiveness. The adsorption process, known for its simplicity, stability, and cost-effectiveness, is widely recognized as an efficient method for removing carbamazepine (CBZ) residues accumulate in the environment. However, the application of NPC is often hindered by challenges in the regeneration process after use, as well as issues related to large surface area, pore size, and functional groups. Fortunately, the samples in this study not only maintained their adsorption efficiency but also demonstrated the ability to be regenerated multiple times. Herein brewery waste was subjected to hydrothermal treatment at 200 °C for 1 h and followed by KOH and NaCl activation with different KOH:NaCl (w/w) ratios of 5:0, 4:1, 3:2, 1:1, 2:3, 1:4, and 0:5 to optimize the properties of malt husk derived nanoporous carbon (NPC). The optimal condition KOH:NaCl ratio of 1:1 had a maximum specific surface area of 906 m2/g with a total pore volume of 0.252 cm3/g. According to the adsorption test, the CBZ adsorption isotherm was well-fitted to the Langmuir model (R2 = 0.976) kinetic data were consistent with the pseudo-second-order model (R2 = 0.995). This suggests that the adsorption mechanism involves monolayer adsorption and chemisorption interaction. The Gibbs free energy and enthalpy of CBZ adsorption by NPC were found to be spontaneous and endothermic. The regeneration test revealed a 95.35% decrease in the adsorption capacity of NPC after 5 repeated cycles. Consequently, the study suggests a potential application of nanoporous carbon from MH as an alternative adsorbent for removing carbamazepine in wastewater.
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High performance nanoporous carbon from mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) residues via microwave treatment assisted hydrothermal-carbonization for methyl orange adsorption: Kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies
(2022-03-01)
Siraorarnroj, Siwat
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Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
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Fuji, Masayoshi
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Eiad-ua, Apiluck
High performance nanoporous carbons were directly prepared from mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) residues by the hydrothermal-carbonization with chemical reagent combined the microwave-assisted treatment. The as-purified ML porous carbon (MPC) was successfully applied for the adsorption of methyl orange, which is one of crucial waste-water pollutants left from an industrial sector. The MPC sample obtained from the hydrothermal process (200 °C, 12 h) using an activation of 15 wt% NaOH (700 °C, 2 h), and combined with microwave treatment at 700 W for 6 min, specifically exhibited micropores and mesopores in the MPC morphological structure. Accordingly, the highest S<inf>BET</inf> was approximately 791.79 m2/g with the total pore volume of 0.495 cm3/g. Moreover, the adsorption performance test of MPC was conducted by the shaking unit using 100 ppm methyl orange concentration. The MPC showed the highest methyl orange-adsorption uptake of 99% at 30 °C under an ambient pressure (1 atm). The development of mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) residues into porous carbon exhibited a great attention for dyes adsorption with a rapid adsorption kinetic, and excellent adsorption capacity, which are a promising-characteristics for practical waste-water adsorption experiments.
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Fundamental study of carbon materials from empty fruit bunch via hydrothermal carbonization with H3PO4 and naoh activation
(2020-01-01)
Guntagerng, Kanogpan
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Panomsuwan, Gasidit
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Fuji, Masayoshi
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Eiad-ua, Apiluck
Lignocellulosic biomass has great potential as an energy source or feedstock for further conversion. Empty fruit bunches (EFBs) were agricultural waste materials from palm oil production. In this research, we aim to study the morphology of hydrochars derived from EFBs via hydrothermal treatments with phosphoric acid (H<inf>3</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) activation at different concentrations (i.e., 0.5, 0.7, and 1 M) at 200°C for 12 h, followed by carbonization at 700°C under nitrogen atmosphere for 2 h. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy and specific surface analysis. After carbonization, the hydrochar activated by 1.0 M H<inf>3</inf>PO<inf>4</inf> possessed the highest surface area of 590 m2/g with the dominance of micropores. Hydrothermal carbonization with acid-base activation showed an effective method in preparing high porous activated carbon from EFB.

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