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Computationally guided design of N4-(2-methyl-2H-indazol-6-yl)-N2-phenylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine inhibitors of EGFR kinase targeting Cys797
(2026-03-01)
Konsue, Adchata
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Gleeson, Duangkamol
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Choowongkomon, Kiattawee
;
Jones, Donald J.L.
;
Hannanta-anan, Pimkhuan
The epidermal growth factor receptor kinase (EGFR) is a tyrosine kinase (TK) implicated in the uncontrolled growth of non-small cell lung cancer. EGFR-TK inhibitors have been used extensively, however inhibitor resistance often develops leading to disease progression. In this work, we report the computationally guided design and preparation of novel covalent 2,4-diaminopyrimidine EGFR-TK inhibitors, inspired by Osimertinib. Molecular dynamics simulations and quantum mechanical (QM) calculations were performed on novel designs incorporating a 2-methyl-2H-indazol-6-amine at the 4-position of pyrimidine as well as various linkers and electrophiles. Calculations suggested swapping the 5-pyrimidine -H atom for -Cl would lead to a preferential “out” ligand conformation that favored T790M enzyme which was later confirmed experimentally. Compound 19 was the most potent inhibitor of WT EGFR (3.0 nM) observed, more potent than the EGFR WT inhibitor Erlotinib (5.9 nM). Compounds 48 and 49 demonstrated better activity for the double-mutant EGFR (3.0 & 2.0 nM, respectively) than Osimertinib (12.8 nM). The selectivity of these compounds for the DM was found to be comparable to Osimertinib (∼20 fold) while their phosphate buffer solubilities were > 50-fold better than both marketed drugs. Kinetic evaluation of 48 (propenamide moiety) vs 49 (acrylamide electrophile) confirms k<inf>inact</inf>/K<inf>i</inf> values consistent with a covalent mode of action for the latter, but not the former. 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Probing the Effect of Protein and Inhibitor Conformational Flexibility on the Reaction of Rocelitinib-Like Covalent Inhibitors of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. A Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Study
(2025-04-14)
Kaewkham, Orathai
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Gleeson, Duangkamol
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Fukasem, Poowadon
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Santatiwongchai, Jirapat
;
Jones, Donald J.L.
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a tyrosine kinase and a validated target for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Drug discovery efforts on this target initially focused on traditional competitive, reversible ATP-binding site inhibitors; however, irreversible covalent binding EGFR inhibitors have become increasingly more popular. Covalent EGFR inhibitors have been developed using a range of different scaffolds, and unsurprisingly, the incorporation of an electrophilic acrylamide group can result in sizable orientation differences relative to the Cys797 nucleophile and the Asp800 general base. In this work, we report a QM/MM study aiming to better understand the aspects of covalent adduct formation, including the role of protein flexibility on chemical reactivity, the impact of electrophile location within the ATP binding site, and the impact of the acrylamide conformation (s-cis vs s-trans). We focus here on the diaminopyrimidine scaffold, as exemplified by Rocelitinib, where the electrophile is attached to its back pocket binding group. Our goal is to elucidate how electrophilic groups can be incorporated onto different inhibitor scaffolds targeting reactive active site residues. We find that irrespective of the EGFR MD conformation chosen, acrylamide, in both the s-cis or s-trans, can undergo reaction with rate-determining barriers of ∼20 kcal/mol. Interestingly, the nature of the rate-determining step for Rocelitinib-like inhibitors was found to be either direct nucleophilic attack or keto-enol tautomerization, depending on the precise protein and inhibitor conformation.
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Design, preparation and biological evaluation of new Rociletinib-inspired analogs as irreversible EGFR inhibitors to treat non-small-cell-lung cancer
(2024-11-01)
Konsue, Adchata
;
Lamtha, Thomanai
;
Gleeson, Duangkamol
;
Jones, Donald J.L.
;
Britton, Robert G.
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase has been implicated in the uncontrolled cell growth associated with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This has prompted the development of 3 generations of EGFR inhibitors over the last 2 decades due to the rapid development of drug resistance issues caused by clinical mutations, including T790M, L858R and the double mutant T790M & L858R. In this work we report the design, preparation and biological assessment of new irreversible 2,4-diaminopyrimidine-based inhibitors of EGFR kinase. Twenty new compounds have been prepared and evaluated which incorporate a range of electrophilic moieties. These include acrylamide, 2-chloroacetamide and (2E)-3-phenylprop-2-enamide, to allow reaction with residue Cys797. In addition, more polar groups have been incorporated to provide a better balance of physical properties than clinical candidate Rociletinib. Inhibitory activities against EGFR wildtype (WT) and EGFR T790M & L858R have been evaluated along with cytotoxicity against EGFR-overexpressing (A549, A431) and normal cell lines (HepG2). Selectivity against JAK3 kinase as well as physicochemical properties determination (logD<inf>7.4</inf> and phosphate buffer solubility) have been used to profile the compounds. We have identified 20, 21 and 23 as potent mutant EGFR inhibitors (≤20 nM), with comparable or better selectivity over WT EGFR, and lower activity at JAK3, than Osimertinib or Rociletinib. Compounds 21 displayed the best combination of EGFR mutant activity, JAK3 selectivity, cellular activity and physicochemical properties. Finally, kinetic studies on 21 were performed, confirming a covalent mechanism of action at EGFR.

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