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Immobilized microalgae-driven triboelectric nanogenerators for sustainable bioelectricity production
(2026-12-01)
Kaja, Kushal Ruthvik
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Janpum, Chalampol
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Komkhum, Tanakit
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Hajra, Sugato
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Vivekananthan, Venkateswaran
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) are emerging as promising solutions for decentralised energy generation due to the growing need for sustainable power sources. These devices convert wasted mechanical energy into electricity under ambient conditions, offering advantages such as eco-friendly operation, material versatility, and effective energy scavenging. Despite these benefits, their relatively low electrical output compared to conventional sources like batteries and fuel cells remains a limitation. Microalgae have attracted attention for their ability to produce bioelectricity through photosynthesis and respiration while simultaneously capturing carbon dioxide. Immobilising microalgal cells on conductive substrates improves electron transfer and metabolic activity. In this context, living Chlorella vulgaris TISTR 8580 with varied cell densities was immobilised on aluminium electrodes and incorporated into a TENG platform to explore energy harvesting from solid-solid and solid-liquid interactions. The highest output of 110 V and 330 nA was generated, confirming the microalgae as a promising tribolayer and extending the conventional triboelectric series. However, sustaining cell viability over extended periods remains a challenge, highlighting the need for optimised light and nutrient conditions in future developments.
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Harvesting energy from friction: the revolutionary decade of triboelectric nanogenerators
(2026-04-01)
Khanapurarm, Uday Kumar
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Rani, Gokana Mohana
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Panda, Swati
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Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Mistewicz, Krystian
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have rapidly developed into a transformative energy harvesting technology, enabling self-powered, sustainable electronic systems. This review offers the first comprehensive, multidisciplinary perspective that connects the physics of triboelectric charge transfer with material innovation, device engineering, and real-world applications. We systematically categorize and measure the triboelectric series across a wide range of materials, including polymers, 2D materials, MOFs, perovskites, cellulose, and biodegradable frameworks, using experimentally validated methods. In addition to traditional approaches, this work highlights emerging strategies such as machine learning-guided material discovery, 3D printing, and advanced structural engineering to improve charge retention, durability, and power output. Unlike existing reviews, it uniquely combines theory and application insights, presents diverse uses from biomedical sensing and environmental monitoring to underwater communication and mechanoluminescence, and outlines a forward-looking plan for sustainable energy harvesting. This comprehensive synthesis serves as an essential resource for researchers and technologists designing next-generation TENGs and multifunctional self-powered devices.
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Advances in nanogenerator enabled smart mask-based self-powered health monitoring units
(2025-11-21)
Belal, Mohamed A.
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Panda, Swati
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Khanapuram, Udaykumar
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Hajra, Sugato
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Kaja, Kushal Ruthvik
The detection and analysis of volatile biomarkers in exhaled breath have emerged as promising non-invasive strategies for early disease diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and personalized healthcare. Traditional gas sensing platforms, however, often face limitations including dependency on external power sources, bulky designs, and inadequate sensitivity or selectivity under physiological conditions. This work provides a complete overview of recent improvements in self-powered gas sensors, with a special emphasis on their use in exhaled breath analysis for health monitoring. We begin by discussing the biomedical importance of breath-based diagnostics and the significant challenges associated with traditional sensor technology. Afterward, we investigate the mechanisms of energy harvesting systems such as triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) and piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs), which facilitate the self-powered operation without an external energy supply. Innovations in materials, structural design techniques, and integration strategies that improve mechanical flexibility, sensitivity, and gas selectivity are highlighted. We also highlight recent breakthroughs in wearable and portable gas sensing platforms that demonstrate real-time responsiveness and human-interfaced compatibility. Despite significant progress, challenges such as miniaturization, biomarker specificity, signal stability in dynamic environments, and large-scale manufacturability still need to be addressed. Finally, we discuss potential ways to address these barriers, envisioning a future where self-powered gas sensors play a transformative role in point-of-care diagnostics, continuous health monitoring, and smart healthcare ecosystems. This review aims to serve as a valuable resource for researchers and developers seeking to advance the field of self-powered biomedical sensing technologies.
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Mechanoluminescent-energy harvesting bimodal sensors for self-powered communication sensors
(2025-09-26)
Hajra, Sugato
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Panda, Swati
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Kaja, Kushal Ruthvik
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Song, Seongkyu
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Ryu, Yeonkyeong
Mechanoluminescence (ML) is the emission of light triggered by mechanical stress. In the meantime, accurate, quantitative force measurement is made possible by piezoelectricity, which transforms mechanical deformation into electrical signals. A deep insight into the mechanical interactions, such as strain-based phenomena, is achieved by integrating ML and piezoelectricity into a single device. In this study, a composite based on ZnS:Cu–polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is developed to achieve this dual functionality for ML-based optical responses and piezoelectric-based electrical output. The presence of piezoelectricity in PDMS–ZnS:Cu composites was traced using piezo force microscopy (PFM) imaging. Various mechanical stimuli of pressing, stretching, and bending are applied to evaluate the performance of the device. Under a force of 5 N, the piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) device generates a voltage of 17 V and a current of 70 nA. Additionally, ML and PENG effects are employed for underwater communications. A signal processing technique is further utilized for the classification of voltage signals produced during underwater communications. This self-powered dual-mode sensor has great potential for use in energy harvesting, wearable technology, and battery-free systems, opening the door to more intelligent and responsive user interfaces.
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Calcium Copper Titanate Particles Based Energy Harvesting and Removal of Pharmaceutical Pollutants
(2025-05-13)
Kaja, Kushal Ruthvik
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Behera, Swayam Aryam
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Das, Bhagyashree
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Hajra, Sugato
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Panda, Swati
In this work, calcium copper titanate oxide (CaCu<inf>3</inf>Ti<inf>4</inf>O<inf>12</inf>, abbreviated as CCTO) was processed employing a solid-state reaction. The properties of CCTO were thoroughly characterized using various characterization tools. The CCTO particles layer and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) acted as triboelectric layers, forming a contact and separation-based triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). TENG, based on CCTO/PTFE, delivered an output of 74 V and 6 μA. TENG was utilized to harvest energy through various human activities, effectively charging capacitors, and was further attached to a pillow to monitor sleep. The study also evaluated the photocatalytic performance of CCTO for the degradation of doxycycline, achieving 87% efficiency within 45 minutes under visible light. The reaction pathway was thoroughly investigated, and catalyst reusability was examined. CCTO demonstrates potential as a dual-function material, serving both as a photocatalyst for environmental cleanup and as a triboelectric material for energy harvesting.
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Triboelectrification Based on the Waste Waterproof Textiles for Multisource Energy Harvesting
(2025-05-01)
Kaja, Kushal Ruthvik
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Hajra, Sugato
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Panda, Swati
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Belal, Mohamed A.
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Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
The demand for sustainable energy resources to power sensor networks such as consumer electronics, agricultural technologies, digital forest management, and home automation is rapidly increasing. There are sustainability challenges to consider, where waste waterproof textiles are critical to encourage the development of a circular economy in the development of new energy technologies. This present work focuses on the utilization of direct waste waterproof textiles to design two types of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), which include a liquid-solid based TENG (L-S TENG) and a flapper-type TENG. The bottom electrode configuration for the L-S TENG and single electric mode working mechanism is considered for the flapper-type TENG. Waste waterproof textiles can lead to a possible expansion of sustainable material for energy harvesters. The raincoat textile-based L-S TENG (L-STENG-R) is able to generate 0.5 V at a tilt angle of 50 degrees and power of 0.41 nW. TENGs based on discarded waterproof textiles are further utilized to demonstrate their phase change sensing, along with wind and water energy harvesting. This approach focus on decreasing waste and lower dependency on traditional resources to support environmentally responsible energy alternatives.
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Exploring liquid-solid interface based triboelectrification, structures, and applications
(2024-12-01)
Kaja, Kushal Ruthvik
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Hajra, Sugato
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Panda, Swati
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Belal, Mohamed A.
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Pharino, Utchawadee
In recent years, there has been a quest to accelerate the search for efficient and sustainable energy harvesting technologies due to challenges from fossil fuel depletion and environmental concerns. There is also a continous demand for autonomous sensing in our growing connected world. The liquid-solid triboelectric nanogenerator (L-S TENG) has emerged as a viable alternative, notably for generating mechanical energy from water. Despite extensive study into liquid-solid contact electrification techniques, a significant need remains to improve energy harvesting efficiency in L-S TENG systems. This comprehensive analysis delves into recent advances in energy harvesting from water, with a particular emphasis on understanding the interaction dynamics between liquid-solid interfaces when using triboelectric nanogenerators for energy conversion. This review summarizes recent developments in the structural design and applications of liquid-solid triboelectrification, focusing on improving TENG output performance. In addition, new insights are provided on the potential impact and future technical hurdles facing L-S TENG technologies. By offering new insights into current knowledge and future research directions, this review aims to guide progress in the field of L-S TENG energy harvesting.

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