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Ground software architecture for a lunar particle detector: Implementation with a double-sided silicon strip detector
(2026-04-15)
Panyalert, Thanayuth
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Manuthasna, Shariff
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Torteeka, Peerapong
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He, Xu
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Zhang, Ning
The Moon-Aiming Thai-Chinese Hodoscope (MATCH) is a particle detector developed for the Chang’E-7 mission, designed to support space weather monitoring and cosmic radiation studies within the Sun-Earth-Moon system. The primary observational objectives of MATCH include space weather science and alerts, as well as the detection of cosmic radiation, particularly Jovian and Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) electrons. Additionally, MATCH can detect lunar albedo ions (alpha particles and protons) and contribute to understanding cosmic-ray interactions with the lunar surface, including high-energy particle backscattering mechanisms. These studies are essential for improving our knowledge of cosmic ray propagation and energy distribution in the lunar environment. MATCH integrates a double-sided silicon strip detector (DSSD) for precise position tracking of incoming particles, along with a bismuth germanate (BGO) scintillator stack for accurate energy measurements. This study presents the development and validation of a scalable ground software architecture that supports event detection, signal processing, and data calibration, optimized for constrained onboard resources. The system has been validated through hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing using alpha-emitting sources under mission-equivalent conditions, demonstrating high accuracy and resource efficiency for on-orbit data acquisition modes. Once deployed, MATCH is expected to provide the first continuous MeV-range cosmic electron measurements from lunar orbit, enabling new insights into Jovian and Galactic cosmic ray propagation, space weather variability, and lunar albedo ion generation. The software architecture developed here plays a critical role in enabling astrophysical investigations during the upcoming Chang’E-7 mission.
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Multi-UAV Standoff Tracking in Unknown Complex Environments Using a Modulated Adaptive Guiding Vector Field
(2026-03-01)
Chen, Guodong
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Yuan, Shuai
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Liu, Jingzong
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Zhang, Zexu
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Kamsing, Patcharin
This paper proposes a novel trajectory planning method for multiple UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, UAV) collaborative standoff tracking using a consistency GVF (Guiding Vector Field, GVF) with an adaptive gain (AG-GVF), which is modulated by a modulation matrix for collision-free navigation in unknown complex environments. Firstly, the AG-GVF is established based on the desired path, with an adaptive gain and an additional virtual coordinate introduced to elevate dimensionality. The adaptive gain aims at reducing steady-state error and eliminating oscillations. This virtual coordinate is not only used for eliminating singular points but also utilized as a state variable for consistency control, ensuring uniform phase distribution among multiple UAVs during standoff tracking. Subsequently, in environments with obstacles, a modulation matrix is proposed to adjust the original GVF motion by estimating the normals of unknown obstacles using point clouds and constructing a modulation matrix to modify the AG-GVF direction for effective obstacle avoidance. Finally, the obtained desired path is optimized to generate flight trajectories that satisfy the kinematic constraints of fixed-wing UAVs. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method enables multiple UAVs to achieve collaborative standoff tracking with collision-free navigation in unknown complex environments.
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Day–Night All-Sky Scene Classification with an Attention-Enhanced EfficientNet
(2026-02-01)
Boonpook, Wuttichai
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Torteeka, Peerapong
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Torsri, Kritanai
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Kamthonkiat, Daroonwan
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Tan, Yumin
All-sky cameras provide continuous hemispherical observations essential for atmospheric monitoring and observatory operations; however, automated classification of sky conditions in tropical environments remains challenging due to strong illumination variability, atmospheric scattering, and overlapping thin-cloud structures. This study proposes EfficientNet-Attention-SPP Multi-scale Network (EASMNet), a physics-aware deep learning framework for robust all-sky scene classification using hemispherical imagery acquired at the Thai National Observatory. The proposed architecture integrates Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE) blocks for radiometric channel stabilization, the Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) for spatial–semantic refinement, and Spatial Pyramid Pooling (SPP) for hemispherical multi-scale context aggregation within a fully fine-tuned EfficientNetB7 backbone, forming a domain-aware atmospheric representation framework. A large-scale dataset comprising 122,660 RGB images across 13 day–night sky-scene categories was curated, capturing diverse tropical atmospheric conditions including humidity, haze, illumination transitions, and sensor noise. Extensive experimental evaluations demonstrate that the EASMNet achieves 93% overall accuracy, outperforming representative convolutional (VGG16, ResNet50, DenseNet121) and transformer-based architectures (Swin Transformer, Vision Transformer). Ablation analyses confirm the complementary contributions of hierarchical attention and multi-scale aggregation, while class-wise evaluation yields F1-scores exceeding 0.95 for visually distinctive categories such as Day Humid, Night Clear Sky, and Night Noise. Residual errors are primarily confined to physically transitional and low-contrast atmospheric regimes. These results validate the EASMNet as a reliable, interpretable, and computationally feasible framework for real-time observatory dome automation, astronomical scheduling, and continuous atmospheric monitoring, and provide a scalable foundation for autonomous sky-observation systems deployable across diverse climatic regions.
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Sustainable Urban Healthcare Accessibility: Voronoi Screening and Travel-Time Coverage in Bangkok
(2025-12-01)
Boonprong, Sornkitja
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Punturasan, Nathapat
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Kamsing, Patcharin
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Torteeka, Peerapong
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Cao, Chunxiang
This study presents an integrated and reproducible framework for within-tier screening of potential healthcare accessibility in Bangkok. Facilities in three service tiers (primary 294 units, regular 75, referral 29) are analyzed using point-pattern diagnostics, Voronoi geometric partitions, population-weighted allocation from subdistrict controls, and cumulative network travel-time isochrones. Spatial diagnostics indicate clustering among primary care units, a near-random configuration for regular units, and modest dispersion for referral hospitals, summarized by observed-to-expected nearest-neighbor ratios of approximately 0.77, 1.05, and 1.19, respectively. Voronoi partitions translate these distributions into geometric units that enlarge with increasing inter-facility spacing, while population-weighted assignments reveal higher population-per-partition-area burdens in the outer east and southwest. Isochrone maps (5–60 min rings) show central corridors with short travel times and peripheral areas where potential access declines. Interpreted against statutory planning intent, the maps indicate broad consistency of siting with high-intensity zones, alongside residual gaps at residential fringes. Framed as repeatable indicators of access and coverage, the workflow contributes to measuring and monitoring urban health sustainability under universal health coverage and routine planning cycles. The framework yields transparent indicators that support monitoring, priority setting, and incremental adjustments within each tier. Limitations include planar proximity assumptions, uniform areal weighting, single-mode modeled travel times without temporal variation, and the absence of capacity measures, motivating future work on capacity-weighted partitions, minimal dasymetric refinements, and time-dependent multimodal scenarios.
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Artificial Neural Network for Air Pollutant Concentration Predictions Based on Aircraft Trajectories over Suvarnabhumi International Airport
(2025-04-01)
Kamsing, Patcharin
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Cao, Chunxiang
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Boonpook, Wuttichai
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Boonprong, Sornkitja
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Xu, Min
Air pollutant concentration prediction is essential not only for effective air quality management but also for planning aircraft and ground vehicle route networks in terminal areas. In this work, an artificial neural network (ANN) is used to predict the concentration levels of four types of air pollutants (CO, NO<inf>2</inf>, PM<inf>2.5</inf>, and PM<inf>10</inf>) at Suvarnabhumi International Airport. By leveraging Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) historical data, aircraft trajectory pattern clustering is implemented by using K-means and Gaussian mixture model (GMM) clustering algorithms. Then, those trajectory patterns are inputted together with other flight data into ANN computation processes, resulting in an effective air pollutant prediction model for each kind of focus pollutant. The results demonstrate that the mean square errors (MSEs) of the predicted models for CO and PM<inf>2.5</inf> have acceptable values of 51.7622 and 53.9682, respectively, while the predicted model for NO<inf>2</inf> and PM<inf>10</inf> has MSEs of 139.6674 and 124.2517, respectively. This study contributes to the advancement of air pollutant prediction methodologies, facilitating better decision-making processes, proactive air quality management, and route network planning at airports. Although some prediction models for focused air pollutants have slightly high MSEs, further study is needed to enhance the prediction model capacity.
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Generating Large-Scale Datasets for Spacecraft Pose Estimation via a High-Resolution Synthetic Image Renderer
(2025-04-01)
Hematulin, Warunyu
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Kamsing, Patcharin
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Phisannupawong, Thaweerath
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Panyalert, Thanayuth
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Manuthasna, Shariff
The trend toward conducting vision-based spacecraft pose estimation using deep neural networks, which necessitates accurately labeled datasets for training, is addressed in this paper. A method for generating an image regression-labeled dataset for spacecraft pose estimation through simulations involving Unreal Engine 5 is proposed herein. This work provides detailed algorithms for pose sampling and image generation, making it easy to reproduce the employed dataset. The dataset consists of images obtained under harsh lighting conditions and high-resolution backgrounds, featuring spacecraft models including Dragon, Soyuz, Tianzhou, and the ascent vehicle of Chang’E-6. The dataset comprises 40,000 high-resolution images, which are evenly distributed, with 10,000 images for each spacecraft model in scenes with both the Earth and the Moon. Each image is labeled with multivariate pose vectors that represent the relative position and attitude of the corresponding spacecraft with respect to the camera. This work emphasizes the critical role of realistic simulations in creating cost-effective synthetic datasets for training neural network-based pose estimators and publicly available for further study.
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Joint Iterative Satellite Pose Estimation and Particle Swarm Optimization
(2025-02-01)
Kamsing, Patcharin
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Cao, Chunxiang
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Zhao, You
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Boonpook, Wuttichai
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Tantiparimongkol, Lalida
Satellite pose estimation (PE) is crucial for space missions and orbital maneuvering. High-accuracy satellite PE could reduce risks, enhance safety, and help achieve the objectives of close proximity and docking operations for autonomous systems by reducing the need for manual control in the future. This article presents a joint iterative satellite PE and particle swarm optimization (PE-PSO) method. The PE-PSO method uses the number of batches derived from satellite PE as the number of particles and keeps the number of epochs from the satellite PE process as the number of epochs for PSO. The objective function of PSO is the training function of the implemented network. The output obtained from the previous objective function is applied to update the new positions of the particles, which serve as the inputs of the current training function. The PE-PSO method is tested on synthetic Soyuz satellite image datasets acquired from the Unreal Rendered Spacecrafts On-Orbit Datasets (URSOs) under different preset hyperparameters. The proposed method significantly reduces the incurred loss, especially during the batch-processing operation of each epoch. The results illustrate the accuracy improvement attained by the PE-PSO method over epoch processing, but its time consumption is not distinct from that of the conventional method. In addition, PE-PSO achieves better performance by reducing the mean position estimation error by 13.1% and the mean orientation estimation error on the testing dataset by 29.1% based on the pretrained weights of Common Objects in Context (COCO). Additionally, PE-PSO improves the accuracy of the Soyuz_hard-based weight by 7.8% and 0.3% in terms of the mean position estimation error and mean orientation estimation error, respectively.
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Signal Calibration and Energy Resolution Optimization of a Double-Sided Silicon Strip Detector for Lunar-Based Particle Detection
(2025-01-01)
Panyalert, Thanayuth
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Manuthasna, Shariff
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Torteeka, Peerapong
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He, Xu
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Zhang, Ning
This letter presents a signal calibration and energy resolution analysis of a double-sided silicon strip detector (DSSD) developed for charged particle detection in a lunar-based space environment. The detector is part of the Moon-Aiming Thai-Chinese Hodoscope, i.e., a proposed scientific payload for the Chang'E-7 lunar orbiter, aimed at monitoring space weather and lunar-surface particle interactions. To evaluate the DSSD's performance under vacuum conditions, alpha sources (Am-241 and Pu-239) were used to generate energy spectra, which were processed through baseline correction and histogram generation. Four peak models, i.e., Gaussian, Gaussian + Exponential Tail, exponentially modified Gaussian (EMG), and Hyper-EMG, were compared using nonlinear least squares. Results show that the Hyper-EMG model yields superior fits, especially for Am-241, achieving an average reduced chi-squared of 1.64 ± 4.44 and energy resolution of 3.09% ± 0.45%, with 22 out of 32 Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) wins. In contrast, Gaussian fits showed higher fitting errors (e.g., x<sup>2</sup>/DoF up to 10.5) and the poorest resolution. AIC selection further confirms Hyper-EMG's robustness, while Gaussian fits were consistently inadequate. These findings support the use of tail-aware models, such as Hyper-EMG, for accurate energy reconstruction in spaceborne silicon detectors.
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Trajectory Planning for Multiple UAVs and Hierarchical Collision Avoidance Based on Nonlinear Kalman Filters
(2023-02-01)
Hematulin, Warunyu
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Kamsing, Patcharin
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Torteeka, Peerapong
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Somjit, Thanaporn
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Phisannupawong, Thaweerath
Fully autonomous trajectory planning for multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is significant for building the next generation of the logistics industry without human control. This paper presents a method to enable multiple UAVs to fly in the same trajectory without collision. It benefits several applications, such as smart cities and transfer goods, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Different types of nonlinear state estimation are deployed to test the position estimation of drones by treating the information from AirSim as offline dynamic data. The obtained global positioning system sensor data and magnetometer sensor data are determined as the measurement model. The experiment in the simulation is separated into (1) the localization state, (2) the rendezvous state, in which the proposed rendezvous strategy is presented by using the relation between velocity and displacement through the setting area, and (3) the full mission state, which combines both the localization and rendezvous states. The localization state results show the best RMSE in the case of full GPS available at 0.21477 m and 0.25842 m in the case of a GPS outage during a period of time by implementing the ensemble Kalman filter. Similarly, the ensemble Kalman filter performs well with an RMSE of 0.5112414 m in the rendezvous state and demonstrates exceptional performance in the full mission state. Moreover, the experiment is implemented in a real-world situation with some basic drone kits as proof that the proposed rendezvous strategy can truly operate.
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PCL-PTD Net: Parallel Cross-Learning-Based Pixel Transferred Deconvolutional Network for Building Extraction in Dense Building Areas With Shadow
(2023-01-01)
Boonpook, Wuttichai
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Tan, Yumin
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Torsri, Kritanai
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Kamsing, Patcharin
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Torteeka, Peerapong
Urban building segmentation from remote sensed imageries is challenging because there usually exists a variety of building features. Furthermore, very high spatial resolution imagery can provide many details of the urban building, such as styles, small gaps among buildings, building shadows, etc. Hence, satisfactory accuracy in detecting and extracting urban features from highly detailed images still remains. Deep learning semantic segmentation using baseline networks works well on building extraction; however, their ability in building extraction in shadows area, unclear building feature, and narrow gaps among buildings in dense building zone is still limited. In this article, we propose parallel cross-learning-based pixel transferred deconvolutional network (PCL-PTD net), and then is used to segment urban buildings from aerial photographs. The proposed method is evaluated and intercompared with traditional baseline networks. In PCL-PTD net, it is composed of parallel network, cross-learning functions, residual unit in encoder part, and PTD in decoder part. The performance is applied to three datasets (Inria aerial dataset, international society for photogrammetry and remote sensing Potsdam dataset, and UAV building dataset), to evaluate its accuracy and robustness. As a result, we found that PCL-PTD net can improve learning capacities of the supervised learning model in differentiating buildings in dense area and extracting buildings covered by shadows. As compared to the baseline networks, we found that proposed network shows superior performance compared to all eight networks (SegNet, U-net, pyramid scene parsing network, PixelDCL, DeeplabV3+, U-Net++, context feature enhancement networ, and improved ResU-Net). The experiments on three datasets also demonstrate the ability of proposed framework and indicating its performance.

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