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Development of BaO-containing radiation-shielding glass using natural dolomite as a raw-material component
(2027-01-01)
Cheewasukhanont, W.
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Kothan, S.
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Tungjai, M.
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Intachai, N.
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Ruangtaweep, Y.
This study investigates the incorporation of dolomite (CaMg(CO<inf>3</inf>)<inf>2</inf>) as a natural substitute for synthetic CaO in the fabrication of radiation shielding glass (RSG). Dolomite samples from Kanchanaburi, Thailand, were characterized using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to determine their chemical composition, revealing CaO (76.59-79.84 wt%) and MgO (19.13-21.54 wt%) as the primary components. These dolomites were used to synthesize borosilicate-based host glasses, where density remained stable (∼2.5 g/cm3), ensuring structural integrity. Optical transmittance measurements showed an average 80% transparency in the visible range. To enhance radiation attenuation, BaO was incorporated into the glass matrix at varying concentrations (5-35 mol%). Increasing BaO content increased the density of the glass samples, which contributed to improved radiation attenuation performance. The radiation-shielding properties, predicted using WinXCom over a wide photon energy range and experimentally evaluated at 0.662 MeV, improved with increasing BaO content. The HVL, Pb-equivalent thickness, and EABF results further supported the enhanced attenuation performance of the developed glasses, indicating that higher BaO content reduced the contribution of scattered photons to absorbed energy buildup in the intermediate-energy region. In addition, preliminary glass-forming tests of the B4 composition demonstrated the feasibility of preparing a larger glass sheet under similar melting and annealing conditions, although further optimization is still required. These findings suggest that natural dolomite can serve as a useful raw-material component for developing BaO-containing radiation-shielding glass with balanced optical transparency, density, and attenuation performance.
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Radioluminescence properties of silicate-phosphate glass system based on “Huta Ginjang” quartz sand co-doped with Gd3+/Tb3+ ions for scintillation applications
(2026-11-01)
Rajagukguk, J.
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Hutahaean, Juniar
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Situmorang, Howard
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Sarumaha, C. S.
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Simanullang, E.
A series of mixed silicate-phosphate glasses co-doped with Gd3+/Tb3+ ions at varying Tb concentrations were successfully synthesized using the melt-quenching technique. Their physical, optical and luminescence properties were analyzed, with an emphasis on the role of Tb3+ concentration. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra exhibit characteristic emission bands corresponding to Gd3+ and Tb3+ ions. A gradual decrease in the Gd3+ emission intensity at 311 nm is observed, accompanied by the suppression of Tb3+ emissions originating from the 5D<inf>3</inf> level. In contrast, a significant enhancement of the green emission associated with the Tb3+5D<inf>4</inf> → 7F<inf>j</inf> transitions is clearly evident. Under X-ray excitation, the radioluminescence (RL) spectra of the glasses displayed multiple sharp emission peaks corresponding to Tb3+ transitions, in contrast to the broad 478 nm emission band of the BGO crystal. Integral RL intensity ratios were demonstrated; all glasses exhibit significant radioluminescence intensity under X-Ray excitation compared to BGO, with QSPCaBaGd<inf>5</inf>Tb<inf>2.0</inf> showing the highest performance reaches up to 52.09% in the 350-800 nm range. These results, together with X-ray imaging capability, demonstrate that the developed glasses are promising candidates for cost-effective scintillation applications.
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Enhanced luminescence and scintillation performance of Ce-doped silico- and germanophosphate glasses for ultra-high resolution synchrotron X-ray imaging applications
(2026-06-15)
Sarumaha, C. S.
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Kaewnuam, E.
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Kantuptim, P.
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Nishikawa, A.
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Kato, T.
Ce-doped phosphate, silicophosphate and germanophosphate glasses with the composition 25Li<inf>2</inf>O+ 10ZnO+ 5Gd<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>+xR+ (59.5-x)P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>+ 0.5CeF<inf>3</inf> (x = 0, 10 mol%; R = SiO<inf>2</inf> and GeO<inf>2</inf>) were prepared by the conventional melt quenching. This study highlights the novel role of network modification (SiO<inf>2</inf> and GeO<inf>2</inf> substitution) in enhancing the scintillation and imaging performance of Ce3 + -activated phosphate-based glasses; this topic remains inadequately researched. Structural analyses (FTIR, Raman) demonstrated that network modifications influence density and optical properties, with germanophosphate showing the highest density (3.07 g/cm3) and high transparency of around 80%. Notably, silicophosphate glass exhibits ∼12 times higher photoluminescence intensity than phosphate glass, with an experimental quantum yield of 24.8%. Under X-ray excitation, strong emission bands were observed from Gd3+ (310 nm) and Ce3+ (∼337 nm). The integrated ratio of radioluminescence (RL) emission was calculated and followed the order silicophosphate > phosphate > germanophosphate, indicating optimal luminescence enhancement via Si incorporation. The superior scintillation response of the silicophosphate glass is further validated by pulse height measurements under 241Am α-ray excitation. Silicophosphate glass was selected for its superior scintillation response, further confirmed by 2D/3D imaging and line-pair (MTF and contrast) analyses, demonstrating its suitability for ultra-high-resolution synchrotron X-ray imaging applications.
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Enhancement of gamma and X-ray shielding behaviors in ZnO-B2O3 glasses via La2O3 addition: Experimental and theoretical investigations
(2025-12-01)
Yabsantia, S.
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Wantana, N.
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Chusin, T.
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Kaewjaeng, S.
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Ornketphon, O.
Radiation shielding materials are crucial for reducing radiation exposure. Traditional materials such as lead, and concrete pose challenges related to toxicity and lack of transparency. This study aimed to assess the effects of lanthanum oxide (La<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>) addition on physical, optical, and radiation shielding properties of ZnO–B<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> glass systems. Glass samples of (80-x)B<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>–20ZnO-xLa<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> (x = 5–20 mol%) were prepared using the melt-quenching technique and characterized for density, molar volume, refractive index, transmittance and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Gamma-ray shielding performance was evaluated using the Compton scattering method with a Cs-137 source and NaI(Tl) detector, alongside theoretical data from WinXCOM. X-ray shielding capabilities were determined through experimental transmission measurements and Monte Carlo simulations (PHITS) across effective energies ranging from 30.40 to 44.21 keV. Increasing La<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> content (5–20 mol%) resulted in higher density (2.89–3.63 g/cm3), slightly increased molar volume (29.37–33.98 cm3/mol), and higher refractive index (1.58–1.65). All La<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-added glasses exhibited ∼75 % transmittance in the visible region. XRD analysis indicated amorphous characteristics for all samples. For gamma rays, both experimental and theoretical results agreed well, showing improved shielding with higher La<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> levels. For lowest gamma-ray energy, the 20 mol% sample had the highest mass attenuation coefficient (μ<inf>m</inf>) of 0.21 cm2/g, lowest half value layer (HVL) of 0.89 cm, and shortest mean free path (MFP) of 1.29 cm. For X-rays, PHITS simulations and experiments also aligned, with μ<inf>m</inf> up to 4.21 cm2/g (at 30.40 keV), HVL of 0.05 cm, and MFP of 0.07 cm. These findings suggest that La<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> addition enhances both gamma and X-ray shielding effectiveness. In conclusion, the study highlights the potential of La<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-added ZnO–B<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> glass as an alternative shielding material, with future research aimed at further improving its shielding performance.
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Ca co-doped CsI(Tl) crystal scintillator for γ- and X-ray detecting applications
(2025-01-01)
Tariwong, Y.
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Kim, H. J.
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Quang, Nguyen Duy
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Khan, Arshad
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Daniel, D. Joseph
The vertical Bridgman method is used for the growth of single-doped CsI(Tl) and CsI(Tl:Ca) crystals, which has been evaluated for feasible applications in X-ray imaging and radiation detection. The powder XRD technique study reveals a single-crystalline phase of the grown crystal. The emission spectra show a broad emission band with a maximum of 540 nm under X-ray excitation, along with the characteristic emissions that arose from the Tl+ intra-center transition. The scintillation qualities of the grown crystal were studied via the pulse height spectra, scintillation light yield, energy resolution, and scintillation decay time. Pulse shape discrimination (PSD) was investigated under γ-rays and α-particles excitation sources. Moreover, the X-ray imaging application was investigated by an X-ray synchrotron at the Synchrotron Light Research Institute to study the performance of the grown crystal. These preliminary investigations suggest that the grown CsI(Tl:Ca) crystal can be one of the promising crystals for γ- and X-ray detecting applications.
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A novel material for radiation detection application of zinc bismuth lithium borotellurite glass doped with Dy2O3
(2024-12-01)
Sommat, V.
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Ornketphon, O.
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Kaewjaeng, S.
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Kothan, S.
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Limsuwan, P.
Radiation detection glass with the following chemical composition B<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>–TeO<inf>2</inf>–Li<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>–Bi<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>–ZnO doped with Dy<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> where x = 0.00, 0.10, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00 mol%, was developed for the characterization of physical properties such as density, molar volume (V<inf>m</inf>), and refractive index, optical absorption, luminescence, CIE's diagram, and radiation detection properties. The density and refractive index of glass samples increase with the increase of Dy<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> composition. The optical property of glass shows eight strongest peaks from 6H<inf>15/2</inf> centering at 263 nm (4I<inf>13/2</inf> + 4F<inf>7/2</inf>), 298 nm (4G<inf>11/2</inf>), 357 nm (4I<inf>15/2</inf>), 803 nm (6F<inf>5/2</inf>), 897 nm (6F<inf>7/2</inf>), 1090 nm (6H<inf>7/2</inf> + 6F<inf>9/2</inf>), 1272 nm (6F<inf>11/2</inf> + 6H<inf>9/2</inf>) and 1671 nm (6H<inf>11/2</inf>), respectively. The emission peaks are r (4F<inf>9/2</inf>), 481 nm (6H<inf>15/2</inf>), 575 nm (6H<inf>13/2</inf>), 664 nm (6H<inf>11/2</inf>), and 751 nm (6H<inf>9/2</inf>) under excited at 453 nm (4F<inf>9/2</inf>), respectively. The excitation peaks under emission at 575 nm from 6H<inf>15/2</inf> centering at 350 nm (6P<inf>7/2</inf>), 365 nm (4P<inf>3/2</inf>), 388 nm (4K<inf>17/2</inf>), 425 nm (4G<inf>11/2</inf>), 453 nm (4I<inf>15/2</inf>), and 471 nm (4F<inf>9/2</inf>) respectively. The study of luminescence characteristics, which includes emission, excitation, and CIE diagrams, reveals white emission bands that coincide with the CIE diagram. Furthermore, measuring the parameters of the thermoluminescence dosimeter (TLD) recorded with a heating rate of 5 °C/s in the temperature up to a maximum of 400 °C yields good results in low dose radiation detection. Based on all the results, it was determined that this glass can be a candidate for radiation detection materials in the future.
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Novel Tb3+ doped borophosphate glass scintillator for X-ray imaging
(2024-10-01)
Khrongchaiyaphum, F.
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Wantana, N.
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Kaewnuam, E.
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Pakawanit, P.
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Phoovasawat, C.
In this study, we introduce an efficient green-emitting material made from Tb3+ doped borophosphate scintillating glass for X-ray imaging. An influence of Tb<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> concentration on the physical, optical, luminescent, and scintillation properties of glasses were investigated. The glass density and refractive index increase, while the molar volume and Tb3+ inter-ionic distance decreases with Tb<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> addition. These glasses absorb the photons in range of UV, Vis, and NIR. The excitations by UV and X-ray on glasses causes the strong green emission centered around 545 nm by the 5D<inf>4</inf> → 7F<inf>5</inf> transition of Tb3+. The energy transfer from Gd3+ to Tb3+ was occurred in this emission. The glass doped with 4 mol% of Tb<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> demonstrates the highest emission intensity at 545 nm due to the concentration quenching. The decay time of glasses are in few milliseconds. The integral X-ray scintillation efficiency of 4 mol% doped glass is 52% compared to that of BGO crystal. Additionally, this glass was proceeded in the X-ray imaging and yielded the image with satisfied resolution, characteristics and MTF values, compared to that obtained from YAG:Ce crystal. The developed glass has a potential for X-ray imaging applications, especially in the medical imaging, flaw detection, and security inspection.
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Eu2O3 doped silicoborate glasses for scintillation material application: Luminescence ability and X-ray imaging
(2023-12-01)
Intachai, N.
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Kothan, S.
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Wantana, N.
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Kaewjaeng, S.
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Pakawanit, P.
The glass samples were prepared by melt quenching method and changing Eu<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> concentrations following component of xEu<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> - 40Na<inf>2</inf>O - 7.5Gd<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> - 5SiO<inf>2</inf> - (47.5-x)B<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> (x = 0, 1, 2, 3 mol %). Density and molar volume tend to increase with increasing Eu<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> concentrations, corresponding to the larger non-bridging oxygen. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) results point out that the majority BO<inf>3</inf> borate group. The absorption spectra were represented in the length of UV-Vis and NIR region. The phonon energy of 3Eu:7.5Gd was 1280.54 cm−1, related to the borate glass host. The photoluminescence and X-ray-induced luminescence spectra of 3Eu:7.5Gd glass showed similar highest intensity at 613 nm (5D<inf>0</inf>→7F<inf>2</inf>). The photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 3Eu:7.5Gd glass shows the highest value at 85.70 %. The scintillation efficiency of 3Eu:7.5Gd glass was 17.51 % of bismuth germanate (BGO) crystal. The decay time owing to Eu3+ emission is 2.054 ms for 2Eu:7.5Gd glass. The highest energy transfer efficiency was 2 mol % of Eu<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> concentrations (η<inf>ET</inf> = 70 %). The CIE chromaticity coordinates of the glasses are placed in the reddish-orange area (0.65, 0.35). The spatial resolution of X-ray imaging study was 10 lp/mm. These results suggest that 3 mol % of Eu<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> doped silicoborate glass is capable of being a scintillator applied in the X-ray imaging system.
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Eu3+ Doped Na2O-Gd2O3-BaO-B2O3-P2O5 glasses for x-ray scintillator application
(2023-11-01)
Khrongchaiyaphum, F.
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Wantana, N.
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Kansirin, S.
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Pakawanit, P.
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Vittayakorn, N.
The Na<inf>2</inf>O-BaO-B<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf> doped with varying concentrations of Gd<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> and Na<inf>2</inf>O-Gd<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-BaO-B<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf> glasses were doped with varying concentrations of Eu<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> (referred to as Eu:NGBaPB) and prepared using the melt-quenching technique. These glasses were analyzed comprehensively in the physical, optical, chemical groups and photo-/radio- luminescence properties. Furthermore, the X-ray imaging was operated to indicate the practical radiation detection of glass. The addition of Eu<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>, the density and refractive index of Eu:NGBaPB glasses increased, while the molar volume decreased. The glass exhibited photon absorption in the UV-NIR regions. Excitation from various sources such as X-ray, ultraviolet, and visible light resulted in a reddish-orange emission at approximately 613 nm, originating from the 5D<inf>0</inf>→7F<inf>2</inf> radiation state of Eu3+. Energy transfer occurred from Gd3+ to Eu3+ within the glass. These findings highlight the intriguing potential of the glass for applications as an X-ray scintillator.
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Fabrication luminescence and radiation shielding properties of Gd2O3–La2O3–ZnO–B2O3–Sm2O3 glasses
(2023-01-01)
Kaewjaeng, S.
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Kothan, S.
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Wantana, N.
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Kim, H. J.
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Rajaramakrishna, R.
The purpose of developing high transparency radiation shielding materials and luminescence materials with stoichiometric ratio of xGd<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>:10La<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>:10ZnO:(79-x) B<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>: 1Sm<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> where x = 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mol% using melt quenching technique. The physio-optical properties such as molar volume, density, concentration of rare-earth ions, polaron radius, inter-ionic radius, optical basicity, average distance between rare-earth ions, and optical packing density of the present glasses has been evaluated. The glass samples obtained show high density which is vital factor for radiation shielding. The absorption spectra show significant of bands Sm3+ ions. The FTIR results of Gd-La-Zn-B-Sm (Gd-1Sm) glass samples show signature borate BO<inf>3</inf> and BO<inf>4</inf> vibrational units in Gd-1Sm glass samples. The μ, μ<inf>m</inf>, HVL, TVL, and MFP were evaluated and showed that the values decrease with increasing X-ray energy whereas increase with an increase in Gd<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> content suggesting their potential use in X-ray diagnosis regions. The HVL value was compared with commercial windows, concrete, Serpentine and X-ray windows and found that the glasses doped with 10 mol%, 15mol%, and 20 mol% Gd<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> content showed better results than X-Ray windows at 10 kVp. The emission and excitation spectra of glass samples were studied and emission spectra show orange emission bands. The experimental lifetime analysis shows that the glass samples show decreasing trend from 1.161 to 1.128 ms with an increase in Gd3+ ions exhibiting single exponential nature.

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