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0.5 V, Low-Power Bulk-Driven Current Differencing Transconductance Amplifier
(2024-11-01)
Kumngern, Montree
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Khateb, Fabian
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Kulej, Tomasz
This paper presents a novel low-power low-voltage current differencing transconductance amplifier (CDTA). To achieve a low-voltage low-power CDTA, the BD-MOST (bulk-driven MOS transistor) technique operating in a subthreshold region is used. The proposed CDTA is designed in 0.18 µm CMOS technology, can operate with a supply voltage of 0.5 V, and consumes 1.05 μW of power. The proposed CDTA is used to realize a current-mode universal filter. The filter can realize five standard transfer functions of low-pass, band-pass, high-pass and band-stop, and all-pass from the same circuit. Neither component-matching conditions nor input signals of the inverse type are required to realize these filter functions. The current-mode filter offers low-input and high-output impedance and uses grounded capacitors. The natural frequency and quality factor of the filters can be orthogonally controlled. The proposed CDTA and its applications are simulated using SPICE to confirm the feasibility and functionality of the new circuits.
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1-V Mixed-Mode Universal Filter Using Differential Difference Current Conveyor Transconductance Amplifiers
(2024-10-01)
Kumngern, Montree
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Khateb, Fabian
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Kulej, Tomasz
This paper presents a mixed-mode universal filter using differential difference current conveyor transconductance amplifiers (DDCCTA). Despite using a minimum number of MOS differential pairs, the proposed DDCCTA is a multiple-input, multiple-output device, that was achieved using the multiple-input bulk-driven MOS transistor (MIBD-MOST) technique, multiple-output current followers and transconductance gains. A subthreshold technique is used to achieve minimum power consumption of the DDCCTA. Thanks to the multiple-input and multiple-output of DDCCTA, the mixed-mode universal filter based on the proposed element can realize five standard filter responses, i.e., low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop, and all-pass responses, of four modes, i.e., voltage-mode, current-mode, transadmittance-mode, and transimpedance-mode, thus providing 194 filter responses from a single circuit. The natural frequency and quality factor of the filter response can be controlled electronically and orthogonally. The proposed DDCCTA and mixed-mode universal filter are simulated and designed using 0.18 μm CMOS technology to confirm the functionality of the new circuit. The mixed-mode universal filter uses ±0.5 V of supply voltage and consumes 0.374 mW of power when operating at a natural frequency of 10 kHz.
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A Novel Multiple-Input Single-Output Current-Mode Shadow Filter and Shadow Oscillator Using Current-Controlled Current Conveyors
(2024-09-01)
Kumngern, Montree
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Khateb, Fabian
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Kulej, Tomasz
This paper presents a novel multiple-input single-output current-mode shadow filter and oscillator using current-controlled current conveyors (CCCIIs). The CCCII current gains are used to set the filter’s quality factor and natural frequency. The filter is resistorless with grounded capacitors, making it more suitable for integration. The filter offers low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop and all-pass transfer functions in a single topology by appropriately applying the input signals. To validate the functionality of the new topology, the proposed circuit is simulated by SPICE using bipolar transistors arrays AT&T ALA400-CBIC-R.
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Single EX-CCCII-Based First-Order Versatile Active Filter
(2024-08-01)
Kumngern, Montree
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Khateb, Fabian
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Kulej, Tomasz
This paper presents a new current-mode first-order versatile active filter employing one extra-x second-generation current controlled current conveyor (EX-CCCII) and one grounded capacitor. The proposed filter can realize first-order filtering functions of a low-pass filter (LPF), high-pass filter (HPF), and all-pass filter (APF) within the same topology with low-input and high-output impedances required for current-mode circuits. This multiple-output EX-CCCII-based filter can provide six transfer functions as both non-inverting and inverting filtering functions of the LPF, HPF, and APF are obtained. The filter also offers electronic control of the pole frequency of all filtering. The proposed current-mode filter can be applied to work as a mixed-mode active filter, namely in the transadmittance-mode (TAM), transimpedance-mode (TIM), and voltage-mode (VM). Each operation mode can provide six transfer functions. The proposed filter was simulated and designed using SPICE and 0.18 µm CMOS technology. Experimental results using the commercially available integrated circuit AD844 were used to confirm the functionality of the new circuits.
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Current-Mode Active Filter Using EX-CCCII
(2024-06-01)
Kumngern, Montree
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Khateb, Fabian
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Kulej, Tomasz
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Tooprakai, Siraphop
This paper presents a novel multiple-input and multiple-output current-mode universal analog filter with electronic tuning capability. The proposed circuit uses a single second-generation current-controlled current conveyor with extra-X terminals (EX-CCCII) and two grounded capacitors. The filter can offer five standard filtering functions, namely low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop, all-pass responses, in the same circuit without changing the internal configuration of the filter by selecting appropriate input and output signals. To obtain the five standard filtering functions, inverted input signal and input matching conditions are absent. The natural frequency of all filter responses can be electronically controlled. The proposed circuit was simulated by SPICE using 0.18 μm CMOS process from Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC). The results of experiments using the integrated circuit operational amplifier AD844 confirm the functionality of the new filter.
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1 V Tunable High-Quality Universal Filter Using Multiple-Input Operational Transconductance Amplifiers
(2024-05-01)
Kumngern, Montree
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Khateb, Fabian
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Kulej, Tomasz
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Knobnob, Boonying
This paper presents a new multiple-input single-output voltage-mode universal filter employing four multiple-input operational transconductance amplifiers (MI-OTAs) and three grounded capacitors suitable for low-voltage low-frequency applications. The quality factor (Q) of the filter functions can be tuned by both the capacitance ratio and the transconductance ratio. The multiple inputs of the OTA are realized using the bulk-driven multiple-input MOS transistor technique. The MI-OTA-based filter can also offer many filtering functions without additional circuitry requirements, such as an inverting amplifier to generate an inverted input signal. The proposed filter can simultaneously realize low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop, and all-pass responses, covering both non-inverting and inverting transfer functions in a single topology. The natural frequency and the quality factors of all the filtering functions can be controlled independently. The natural frequency can also be electronically controlled by tuning the transconductances of the OTAs. The proposed filter uses a 1 V supply voltage, consumes 120 μW of power for a 5 μA setting current, offers 40 dB of dynamic range and has a third intermodulation distortion of −43.6 dB. The performances of the proposed circuit were simulated using a 0.18 μm TSMC CMOS process in the Cadence Virtuoso System Design Platform to confirm the performance of the topology.
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0.5 V Multiple-Input Fully Differential Operational Transconductance Amplifier and Its Application to a Fifth-Order Chebyshev Low-Pass Filter for Bio-Signal Processing
(2024-04-01)
Kulej, Tomasz
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Khateb, Fabian
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Kumngern, Montree
This paper presents a multiple-input fully differential operational transconductance amplifier (MI-FD OTA) with very low power consumption. To obtain a differential MOS pair with minimum supply voltage and minimum power consumption, the multiple-input bulk-driven MOS transistor operating in the subthreshold region is used. To show the advantage of the MI-FD OTA, a fifth-order Chebyshev filter was used to realize a low-pass filter capable of operating with a supply voltage of 0.5 V and consuming 60 nW at a nominal setup current of 3 nA. The proposed filter uses five MI-FD OTAs and five capacitors. The total harmonic distortion (THD) was 0.97% for a rail-to-rail sinusoidal input signal. The MI-FD OTA and the filter application were designed and simulated in the Cadence environment using a 0.18 µm CMOS process from TSMC. The robustness of the design was confirmed by Monte Carlo analysis and process, voltage, and temperature corner analysis.
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1 V Electronically Tunable Differential Difference Current Conveyors Using Multiple-Input Operational Transconductance Amplifiers
(2024-03-01)
Kumngern, Montree
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Khateb, Fabian
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Kulej, Tomasz
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Langhammer, Lukas
This paper presents electronically tunable current conveyors using low-voltage, low-power, multiple-input operational transconductance amplifiers (MI-OTAs). The MI-OTA is realized using the multiple-input bulk-driven Metal Oxide Semiconductor transistor (MIBD-MOST) technique to achieve minimum power consumption. The MI-OTA also features high linearity, a wide input range, and a simple Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS). Thus, high-performance electronically tunable current conveyors are obtained. With the MI-OTA-based current conveyor, both an electronically tunable differential difference current conveyor (EDDCC) and a second-generation electronically tunable current conveyor (ECCII) are available. Unlike the conventional differential difference current conveyor (DDCC) and second-generation current conveyor (CCII), the current gains of the EDDCC and ECCII can be controlled by adjusting the transconductance ratio of the current conveyors. The proposed EDDCC has been used to realize a voltage-to-current converter and current-mode universal filter to show the advantages of the current gain of the EDDCC. The proposed current conveyors and their applications are designed and simulated in the Cadence environment using 0.18 μm TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company) CMOS technology. The proposed circuit uses ±0.5 V of power supply and consumes 90 μW of power. The simulation results are presented and confirm the functionality of the proposed circuit and the filter application. Furthermore, the experimental measurement of the EDDCC implemented in the form of a breadboard connection using a commercially available LM13700 device is presented.
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Current-Mode Shadow Filter with Single-Input Multiple-Output Using Current-Controlled Current Conveyors with Controlled Current Gain
(2024-01-01)
Kumngern, Montree
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Khateb, Fabian
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Kulej, Tomasz
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Kyselak, Martin
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Lerkvaranyu, Somkiat
In this paper, a novel current-mode shadow filter employing current-controlled current conveyors (CCCIIs) with controlled current gains is presented. The CCCII-based current-mode shadow filters are resistorless and can offer a number of advantages such as circuit simplicity and electronic tuning capability. The proposed shadow filters offer five filtering functions, i.e., low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop, and all-pass functions, in the same topology. Furthermore, no component matching condition is required to realize all the transfer functions. The natural frequency and quality factor adjustment is possible by using the CCCII current gains without the need to use external amplifiers, all capacitors are grounded, and the filter terminals offer low-input and high-output impedance. To verify the functionality and feasibility of the new topologies, the proposed circuits were simulated using SPICE and the transistor model process parameters NR100N (NPN) and PR100N (PNP) from AT&T’s bipolar arrays ALA400-CBIC-R. The simulation results are consistent with the theory. The CCCII experimental setup was designed using commercially available 2N3904 (NPN) and 2N3906 (PNP) transistors with a supply voltage of ±2.5 V. The measurement results confirm the performance of the designed filters.
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0.5-V 281-nW Versatile Mixed-Mode Filter Using Multiple-Input/Output Differential Difference Transconductance Amplifiers
(2024-01-01)
Khateb, Fabian
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Kumngern, Montree
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Kulej, Tomasz
This paper presents a new low-voltage versatile mixed-mode filter which uses a multiple-input/output differential difference transconductance amplifier (MIMO-DDTA). The multiple-input of the DDTA is realized using a multiple-input bulk-driven MOS transistor (MI-BD-MOST) technique to maintain a single differential pair, thereby achieving simple structure with minimal power consumption. In a single topology, the proposed filter can provide five standard filtering functions (low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop, and all-pass) in four modes: voltage (VM), current (CM), transadmittance (TAM), and transimpedance (TIM). This provides the full capability of a mixed-mode filter (i.e., twenty filter functions). Moreover, the VM filter offers high-input and low-output impedances and the CM filter offers high-output impedance; therefore, no buffer circuit is needed. The natural frequency of all filtering functions can be electronically controlled by a setting current. The voltage supply is 0.5 V and for a 4 nA setting current, the power consumption of the filter was 281 nW. The filter is suitable for low-frequency biomedical and sensor applications that require extremely low supply voltages and nano-watt power consumption. For the VM low-pass filter, the dynamic range was 58.23 dB @ 1% total harmonic distortion. The proposed filter was designed and simulated in the Cadence Virtuoso System Design Platform using the 0.18 µm TSMC CMOS technology.

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