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Sustainable magnetic biochar from agro-aquacultural waste for efficient Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal: Machine learning–assisted optimization and techno-economic evaluation
(2026-05-15)
Limmun, Wanida
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Limmun, Warunee
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Prangmoo, Yasumin
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Ishikawa, Nao
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Borkowski, John J.
This study presents the sustainable synthesis and optimization of magnetic biochar derived from agro-aquacultural waste, specifically rubber seed shells and oyster shells (MRO), for the efficient removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from aqueous solutions. MRO was synthesized via FeCl<inf>3</inf> activation and co-pyrolysis, enhancing adsorption capacity and magnetic recoverability. Process optimization was performed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and a Genetic Algorithm–Backpropagation Neural Network (GA–BPNN), with experimental validation confirming RSM-predicted conditions. The optimized MRO achieved high adsorption capacities of 709.99 mg/g for Pb(II) and 332.98 mg/g for Cd(II), following Langmuir and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Mechanistic analysis identified surface complexation, ion exchange, electrostatic interaction, and precipitation as key pathways. MRO demonstrated excellent reusability, maintaining over 90% Pb(II) removal efficiency after 11 regeneration cycles. Techno-economic and environmental assessments revealed a low production cost (23 THB/kg), modest energy consumption (2.5 kWh/kg), and a reduced carbon footprint (0.50 kg CO<inf>2</inf>/kg). These results underscore the potential of MRO as a cost-effective and scalable adsorbent for sustainable wastewater treatment applications.
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Low-Cost Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Rapid Prediction of Biodiesel Properties: Acid Value, Density, Viscosity, and Water Content
(2026-03-31)
Phetpan, Kittisak
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Thongphut, Chitwadee
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Chungcharoen, Thatchapol
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Limmun, Warunee
Partial least squares (PLS) regression, combined with various spectral pre-processing techniques, was employed to compare the performance of two diode array near-infrared (NIR) spectrometers in predicting key biodiesel quality parameters, including acidity, viscosity, density, and water content. An AvaSpec-Mini4096CL NIR spectrometer, operating within the 350–1100 nm wavelength range, was used as the representative shortwave near-infrared (SW-NIR) spectrometer, while a NIRQuest512 spectrometer, covering the 900–1700 nm range, was employed as the longwave near-infrared (LW-NIR) spectrometer. Both spectrometers were equipped with a transflection probe for spectral collection from oil palm-based biodiesel samples. The SW-NIR spectrometer outperformed the LW-NIR spectrometer. The optimal PLS models achieved root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.0037 mg KOH/g for acidity, 0.062 cSt (mm2/s) for viscosity, 2.67 kg/m3 for density, and 59.14 mg/kg for water content, highlighting the potential of compact SW-NIR spectrometers as effective, low-cost tools for rapid biodiesel quality monitoring.
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Sustainable Valorization of Salak Peel Waste: Regeneration of Biochar for Lead Removal from Wastewater
(2026-01-01)
Buakhiao, Phruektinai
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Chungcharoen, Thatchapol
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Jamkamon, Aud
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Limmun, Warunee
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Thungsotanon, Dithaporn
This study evaluates the effects of pyrolysis temperature (600°C and 800°C, denoted as SP600 and SP800) and regeneration reagents on lead (Pb²⁺) adsorption performance of biochar derived from salak peels. Moreover, the lead removal efficiency and adsorption efficiency after several regeneration cycles under appropriate conditions were also investigated. The results indicate that increasing the pyrolysis temperature significantly enhances lead removal efficiency and adsorption capacity, with biochar pyrolyzed at 800°C and loaded with lead (SP800Pb) exhibiting the highest initial lead adsorption performance. However, upon regeneration using hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium nitrate (NaNO₃) at various concentrations, SP600Pb demonstrated higher lead removal performance than SP800Pb across all conditions. Specifically, SP600Pb regenerated by 0.1M HCl exhibited the highest lead desorption efficiency and removal efficiency. Furthermore, after five consecutive adsorption-regeneration cycles, the biochar regenerated by 0.1M HCl (SP600RPb) exhibited a suitable removal efficiency of 83.91 ± 0.10 and a desorption efficiency of 148.73 ± 0.13. The observed desorption efficiency exceeding 100 was attributed to the accumulated release of Pb²⁺ ions during successive regeneration cycles, which indicates enhanced ion-exchange dynamics over time. Therefore, biochar pyrolyzed at 600°C and regenerated using 0.1M HCl is appropriate for the reuse of biochar in lead adsorption, promoting sustainable resource application, cost reduction, and waste minimization in production processes.
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Biodiesel Washing by the Prototype of a Biodiesel Washing Machine with Biochar
(2025-11-01)
Fonghiransiri, Surasak
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Chungcharoen, Thatchapol
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Choola-Aied, Orasa
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Srisang, Siriwan
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Srisang, Naruebodee
Currently, the prevalent technique for biodiesel washing entails the utilization of water in the purification process. Nevertheless, this method incurs substantial biodiesel loss and gives rise to wastewater, posing potential environmental consequences. Hence, this study aimed to utilize biochar for removing impurities from biodiesel by using a prototype of a biodiesel washing machine with biochar. The effects of the propeller blade number, propeller blade angle, and mixing time on the capability to eliminate impurities in biodiesel were elucidated. The results indicated that the biodiesel washing machine can increase biodiesel yield by up to 2.49% (91.54%) compared to the water washing process (89.05%). The increased propeller blade number, angle, and mixing time can improve the acidity (24.50-64.04%) and water content removal (42.61-79.56%). Consequently, this led to a decrease in density (865.85-886.83 kg/m3) and viscosity (3.997-4.321 cSt). The conditions with the best biodiesel properties were five propeller blades, a propeller blade angle of 60 degrees, and a mixing time of 30 minutes. These conditions provided the 63.88% acid removal, 79.49% water content removal, viscosity of 878.92 kg/m3 and density of 4.208 cSt. Moreover, the methanol and glycerol contents were 0.02% wt. and 0.04% wt., respectively. These properties meet the ASTM 6751 and EN 14214 biodiesel standards.
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Sustainable tropical fruit peel waste biochars for enhanced cadmium and lead adsorption: mechanistic insights and optimization using response surface methodology and backpropagation neural networks
(2025-08-01)
Limmun, Wanida
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Limmun, Warunee
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Maneesri, Wisit
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Pewpa, Orrawan
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Chungcharoen, Thatchapol
Heavy metal contamination, particularly from cadmium (Cd(II)) and lead (Pb(II)), presents a severe environmental challenge due to its toxicity and persistence. This study explores an innovative approach by utilizing abundant yet underutilized tropical fruit peel waste to produce biochars that serve as effective, sustainable adsorbents for heavy metal remediation. Biochars derived from banana peels (BP) and Monthong durian shells (DS) were synthesized via pyrolysis at 400–800 °C and evaluated for their physicochemical properties and adsorption efficiency. The DS600 biochar exhibited the highest adsorption capacity, removing Cd(II) (40.37 mg/g) and Pb(II) (51.74 mg/g), surpassing BP600 (40.22 mg/g and 47.23 mg/g, respectively). This study introduces a dual-modeling framework by integrating response surface methodology (RSM) with backpropagation neural network (BPNN) to optimize adsorption conditions and enhance predictive accuracy. The optimized conditions achieved over 99% removal efficiency, with R2 > 0.98 and MSE < 0.05, confirming the robustness of the model-based predictions. The study highlights the superior adsorption performance of DS600 biochar, with adsorption mechanisms influenced by pH, dosage, and biochar properties. In contrast to conventional studies that focus solely on equilibrium adsorption or rely on statistical models, this work pioneers the use of tropical fruit peel biochar in heavy metal remediation, providing quantitative insights into process optimization and practical scalability. The findings demonstrate the potential for valorizing agricultural waste into high-performance adsorbents, advancing cost-effective and sustainable water treatment technologies.
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Enhanced biodiesel purification using coffee husk bioadsorbents: The role of pyrolysis temperature, KOH activation, and adsorption efficiency
(2025-05-01)
Chungcharoen, Thatchapol
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Limmun, Warunee
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Srisang, Siriwan
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Phetpan, Kittisak
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Ruttanadech, Nuttapong
This study evaluates the performance of bioadsorbents derived from coffee husk pyrolyzed at temperatures of 600, 700, and 800 °C (CH600, CH700, and CH800), along with activated CH700 (ACH700), in biodiesel purification. The results indicate that CH700 significantly enhances biodiesel purity, with optimal purification conditions achieved at a dosage of 2 wt% CH700, a stirring rate of 400 rpm, and a contact time of 45 min. CH700 demonstrated modest performance, achieving approximately 20 % removal of methanol and water. However, after activation with potassium hydroxide (KOH), ACH700 demonstrated improved efficiency, achieving 96.92 % methanol removal and 39.46 % water removal. ACH700 also refined biodiesel quality to meet EN14214 standards and maintained a higher biodiesel yield compared to other adsorbents. The bioadsorption process is influenced by the chemical interactions between the surface functional groups of the bioadsorbent and the contaminants, which is further enhanced by the optimized pore structure of ACH700. The use of ACH700 represents a novel and highly effective approach to biodiesel purification, combining both technical efficiency and economic feasibility. Furthermore, the valorization of agricultural waste adds significant environmental benefits, reinforcing the potential of ACH700 for large-scale biodiesel production.
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Application of Centrifuge Combined with Biodiesel Washing Machine with Biochar in Biodiesel Production
(2025-01-01)
Fonghiransiri, Surasak
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Chungcharoen, Thatchapol
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Choola-aied, Orasa
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Limmun, Warunee
This research focused on the application of a centrifuge combined with a biodiesel washing machine with biochar in biodiesel production. This method aims to reduce the amount of biochar used in the washing process to meet biodiesel standards. Therefore, the research aimed to improve the biodiesel production process by using a centrifuge machine combined with the biochar washing method (CB) and comparing it with two methods: gravitational settling combined with water washing (GW) and gravitational settling combined with biochar washing (GB). The results indicated that the CB method could reduce contaminants in biodiesel. Although the biodiesel yield did not differ from the GB method, it remained higher than the GW method, increasing the biodiesel yield by up to 1.19% (90.24%). Furthermore, the CB method was more effective in removing acidity, water content, methanol, and glycerol in biodiesel compared to the GB method, with removal percentages of 63.88%, 79.49%, 99.70%, and 85.19% respectively. Consequently, this led to a decrease in viscosity (3.998 cSt) and density (865.93 kg/m3). This method provides biodiesel properties that meet biodiesel standards.
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Comparative Analysis of Biochar Properties from Lemon and Kumquat Peels at Different Pyrolysis Temperatures
(2025-01-01)
Limmun, Wanida
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Limmun, Warunee
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Ito, Ayumi
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Choolaaied, Orasa
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Phanchindawan, Naree
This study examines the effects of pyrolysis temperatures (500 °C and 700 °C) on the properties of biochar derived from lemon peel (LB), kumquat peel (KB), and their combination (LKB). The study analyzed the variations in biochar yield, elemental composition, and specific surface area. The results indicated that higher temperatures led to a reduction in yield but a significant improvement in specific surface area, pore volume, and carbonization, ultimately producing more stable and aromatic biochar. Additionally, LB700 and KB700 exhibited more developed pore structures and higher specific surface areas than those produced at 500 °C. Elemental analysis showed an increase in carbon content and a decrease in hydrogen content at elevated temperatures, suggesting improved biochar stability. These findings demonstrate that higher pyrolysis temperatures enhance the specific surface area and carbon content of biochar, making it more suitable for environmental applications such as soil quality improvement and pollutant adsorption. The study highlights the potential of using commonly discarded agricultural waste, such as lemon and kumquat peels, for biochar production.
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The improvement of germination method for producing the germinated brown rice using a water spraying system with a revolved sieve
(2024-11-01)
Chungcharoen, Thatchapol
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Sansiribhan, Sansanee
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Munsin, Ronnachart
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Phetpan, Kittisak
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Fonghiransiri, Surasak
Water soaking is an important method in germinated brown rice (GBR) production that causes fermentation, leading to an unpleasant smell of GBR. In this research, a water spraying system with a revolved sieve is applied to produce the GBR. The increased speed and time of spray break led to higher moisture content and water absorption. The spray break of 30 min and revolved speed of 15 rpm provided the shortest time to obtain the paddy with a moisture content of 30% (w.b.). The incubation pattern with a revolved sieve and water spray provided the shortest incubation time for 90% germination. When producing the GBR with a water spraying system with a revolved sieve (GBR-WSSRS), it had a lower number of microorganisms compared to the GBR with a water soaking (GBR-WS), leading to higher scores of overall acceptability. However, the GBR-WSSRS had a lower GABA content than the GBR-WS.
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Enhancing biodiesel yield and purification with a recently developed centrifuge machine: A response surface methodology approach
(2024-04-15)
Limmun, Warunee
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Chungcharoen, Thatchapol
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Rattanamechaiskul, Chaiwat
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Phetpan, Kittisak
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Limmun, Wanida
Biodiesel production processes, such as gravity settling, have limitations in terms of biodiesel yield, purification efficiency, operating time in the separation process, and more extensive equipment. Therefore, this study has focused on using a recently developed centrifuge machine for biodiesel separation to address these challenges due to its compact design, high efficiency, and simplicity. Additionally, this study aimed to optimize the separation efficiency of glycerol from biodiesel using a centrifuge machine, employing response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD). The optimum conditions for separating glycerol from biodiesel via centrifuge machine are a rotation speed of 1800 rpm, a mixture flow rate of 192.25 ml/min, and a temperature of 55 °C, respectively. In optimum conditions, 94.52% separation efficiency was achieved. Biodiesel production can be improved, leading to higher yields and greater purity. The utilization of RSM proved valuable in determining the optimum conditions for separation. Furthermore, the machine successfully separated the biodiesel to meet ASTM D6751 and EN 14,214 standards. The results highlight the potential of the centrifuge machine for efficient and reliable biodiesel production, contributing to the advancement of the biodiesel industry.

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