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Optimization of hydrothermal carbonization of Rhizoclonium riparium macroalgae using response surface methodology for high-performance solid biofuel production
(2026-01-01)
Chanpee, Sirayu
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Jadsadajerm, Supachai
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Manatura, Kanit
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Wongrerkdee, Sutthipoj
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Eiad-ua, Apiluck
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) was adopted as a promising approach for improving fuel quality for several high-moist biomass. In this study, the Rhizoclonium riparium macroalgae (RMA), an abundant marine alga in an aquaculture pond, was successfully converted into hydrochars as a sustainable solid biofuel. The Box Behnken design (BBD) was applied for the HTC experiment to investigate the individual and interactive effects of operating parameters, including HTC temperature, reaction time, and water ratio, on hydrochar physicochemical characteristics and fuel properties. The response surface optimization (RSM) revealed maximum mass yield (MY) of 79.1%, higher heating value (HHV) of 23.6 MJ/kg, and energy yield (EY) of 94.4%. The RSM-BBD of process parameters and their HTC effects showed that the decreasing MY and EY were significantly due to the HTC temperature and residence time. From ANOVA analysis, temperature, time, and water ratio were the most significant parameters responding to MY, HHV, and EY. The optimal conditions for hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of RMA as a solid biofuel were determined to be a temperature of 200 °C, a duration of 2 h, and a water-to-biomass ratio of 1:1, producing the highest energy yield (EY) of 95.3%. Utilizing RSM-BBD to investigate HTC parameters for hydrochar production is a suitable effort for technical scalability.
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Physicochemical properties and hydrophobicity enhancement of water-washed durian peel by oxidative torrefaction at 250 °C
(2025-01-01)
Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
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Soukaew, Nuttawan
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Phongaksorn, Monrudee
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Wisetsai, Awat
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Pimsamarn, Jindarat
Durian peel presents disposal challenges but offers potential as a renewable biofuel feedstock. However, high ash content, hygroscopicity, and low energy density limit its direct application. This study examined the effects of oxidative torrefaction at 250 °C (0–21 vol% O₂) combined with water washing pre-treatment on the physicochemical and hydrophobic properties of durian peel. Fuel quality was evaluated by proximate and ultimate analyses, HHV, EMC, water contact angle, FTIR, and SEM. Water washing reduced ash content by ~80%. Increasing oxygen concentration promoted devolatilization and carbonisation, with carbon content rising above 55 wt% and HHV reaching 22.34 MJ/kg. The lowest EMC (7.25%) and hydrophobic stability were obtained for washed samples at 5 vol% O₂. SEM revealed porous carbon-rich structures, while FTIR confirmed the removal of hydrophilic groups. The combined method improved energy density, minimised ash, and significantly enhanced hydrophobicity, producing coal-like biofuel suitable for storage, transportation, and co-firing applications.
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Co-hydrothermal carbonization of polystyrene waste and maize stover combined with KOH activation to develop nanoporous carbon as catalyst support for catalytic hydrotreating of palm oil
(2024-12-01)
Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
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Chanpee, Sirayu
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Jadsadajerm, Supachai
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Wongrerkdee, Sutthipoj
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Manatura, Kanit
Plastic waste is massively generated daily from households, mainly as packaging material, causing serious surrounding ecological problems. The development of plastic waste for higher value-added applications instead of landfilling and incineration has received consideration interest in bioenergy and material science research. Herein, a nanoporous carbon support of nickel phosphide catalyst for palm oil hydrotreating was developed from blended polystyrene waste and maize stover via the Co-hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) coupled with the KOH activation process. The Co-HTC parameters, such as temperature, reaction time, and PS percentage, were studied on the properties of co-hydrochar feedstocks for further activation using the Box behnken design. From the comprehensive characterization results, response surface methodology (RSM) results showed that the rising polystyrene proportion significantly exhibited the higher production yield and fixed carbon of co-hydrochar products, an essential characteristic for porous carbon manufacturing. After activation step, the final nanoporous carbon derived from the co-hydrochar (PMPC) exhibited the highest specific surface area of 1033.58 m2/g with total pore volume of 0.45 cm3/g. Moreover, the PCMC-supported nickel phosphide catalysts were successfully synthesized and tested for the catalytic hydrotreating of palm oil as alternative catalyst. The NiP-PMPC catalyst represents an impressive liquid hydrocarbon yield of 74.68 % with a high green diesel selectivity of 85.92 % at 100 % palm oil conversion. The findings of this study might help develop and utilize blended plastic waste and agricultural waste as an alternate catalytic support for various processes in biofuel and biochemical synthesis.
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Synergy of functionalized activated carbon and ZnO nanoparticles for enhancing photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and carbaryl
(2024-10-01)
Rungsawang, Tipawan
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Krobthong, Sucheewan
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Paengpan, Krisanachai
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Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
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Manatura, Kanit
This study proposes preparing ZnO and ZnO/activated carbon (AC) for photocatalytic applications. ZnO and AC were synthesized using precipitation and carbonization processes, respectively. Particle sizes of ZnO and ZnO/AC were estimated at 121–135 nm. The crystalline structure analysis confirmed the presence of hexagonal wurtzite structures in ZnO. Microcrystalline graphite and amorphous carbon structures were observed in AC. The combination of these characteristics was observed in ZnO/AC. ZnO/AC exhibited an increase in surface area from 25.36 to 29.86 m2/g and a decrease in pore diameter from 5.66 to 4.31 nm. The chemical states of ZnO and AC remained unchanged. Therefore, the nanocompound structure of ZnO/AC can be inferred. The ZnO/AC nanocompounds were then employed to degrade methylene blue (MB) dye and carbaryl (CBR) insecticide, demonstrating excellent photocatalytic performance compared to pure ZnO. The apparent degradation rate constant reached an average value of 3.49 × 10−3 and 16.25 × 10−3 min−1 for MB and CBR, respectively. AC functions as carrier collectors in the ZnO/AC nanocompound structures due to the suitable energy band level for facilitating electron and hole transfers. This results in recombination suppression and prolonged lifetime, thus enhancing photocatalytic activity. The finding suggests the potential use of ZnO/AC nanocompounds to degrade agricultural chemicals in contaminated natural water under sunlight.
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A novel photocatalyst of Y2O3-BaO-ZnO ternary system for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of carbofuran insecticide
(2024-08-01)
Sujinnapram, Supphadate
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Krobthong, Sucheewan
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Moungsrijun, Sasimonton
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Boonruang, Chatdanai
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Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
A novel Y<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-BaO-ZnO ternary system was synthesized via precipitation of a mixture of Y(NO<inf>3</inf>)<inf>3</inf>.6 H<inf>2</inf>O:Ba(NO<inf>3</inf>)<inf>2</inf>:Zn(NO<inf>3</inf>)<inf>2</inf>.6 H<inf>2</inf>O using some Fibonacci sequences. The Y<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-BaO-ZnO was applied to the photocatalyst to investigate the degradation of carbofuran insecticide. The Y<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-BaO-ZnO prepared at the sequence ratio of 5:8:13 (YBZ5) exhibited the highest photocatalytic performance. Morphological characterization showed that the particle size of the YBZ5 sample was significantly smaller than that of ZnO by over half, possibly providing high surface areas. The crystalline structure, functional group, and surface chemical composition investigations confirmed the presence of Y<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>, BaO, and ZnO. The fluorescence study exhibited no difference. Based on band gap energy and energy band alignment analysis, the Y<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-BaO-ZnO ternary system demonstrated a well-aligned valence band. The energy band alignment analysis revealed a good alignment of the valence band for continuous hole transport in the Y<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-BaO-ZnO ternary system. The alignment induces charge separation which reduces recombination and provides efficient active carriers at the surfaces of the photocatalyst, allowing reactions with toxic molecules. Therefore, the synergistic function of high surface areas and appropriate energy band alignments of the novel Y<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-BaO-ZnO ternary system is considered the crucial factor in the enhancement of photocatalytic performance.
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Corrigendum to “A novel photocatalyst of Y2O3-BaO-ZnO ternary system for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of carbofuran insecticide” [Mater. Today Commun. 40 (2024) 109501] (Materials Today Communications (2024) 40, (S235249282401482X), (10.1016/j.mtcomm.2024.109501))
(2024-08-01)
Sujinnapram, Supphadate
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Krobthong, Sucheewan
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Moungsrijun, Sasimonton
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Boonruang, Chatdanai
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Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
The authors regret that before the online release of our article, some information remained unnoticed during the proof correction. After careful consideration, we decided to make this corrigendum for our article. Typographical errors in Table 2: The correct unit of initial CBF concentration for the YBZ5 photocatalyst in Table 2 should be mg/L. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
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Solid shrimp waste derived nanoporous carbon as an alternative bio-sorbent for oxytetracycline removal from aquaculture wastewater
(2024-06-15)
Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
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Samattakarn, Nippit
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Chanpee, Sirayu
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Assawasaengrat, Pornsawan
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Manatura, Kanit
Recently, it has been critical to effectively remove oxytetracycline (OTC) from aquaculture wastewater before releasing into the environment. The adsorption process is recognized as an efficient pathway for removing OTC since it is a simple, stable, and cost-effective method. This study aims to develop nanoporous carbon entirely from shrimp waste (SW) via hydrothermal carbonization assisted with KOH activation. Existing KOH significantly increases the porosity of SW nanoporous carbon. The optimal SW porous carbon was obtained using 5 wt%KOH for activation, which had the largest surface area of 679.51 m2/g with the total pore volume of 0.458 cm3/g. Moreover, the SW porous carbon with the highest porosity was selected for the OTC adsorption. The Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model match the experimental data, implying that the adsorption mechanism is mono-layered adsorption due to micropores by chemisorption interaction. The adsorption capacity significantly improved by increasing the dosage of SW nanoporous carbon. The SW nanoporous carbon adsorption for OTC is primarily regulated by pore filling affected by hydrogen bonding, and π-π* interaction also plays a significant role. The SW nanoporous carbon showed an efficient OTC adsorption after 5 regeneration cycles. This work demonstrates biomass waste recycling and emphasizes the potential of aquatic food processing waste-derived nanoporous carbon for antibiotic adsorption.
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Upgrading of Corn Stalk Residue and Tannery Waste into Sustainable Solid Biofuel via Conventional Hydrothermal Carbonization and Co-Hydrothermal Carbonization
(2023-01-01)
Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
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Chanpee, Sirayu
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Manatura, Kanit
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Eiad-Ua, Apiluck
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and co-hydrothermal carbonization (Co-HTC) are efficient thermochemical conversion processes for upgrading the fuel properties of biomass feedstocks. This study investigates the conversion of high moisture industrial waste, leather waste (LW), and agricultural residue, corn stalk (CS) into sustainable solid fuel via the HTC and Co-HTC. The impact of experimental variables, such as HTC temperature, residence time, and reaction pathway (i.e., HTC and Co-HTC process), on the physicochemical properties and fuel quality of hydrochar was also comprehensively explored. The highest heating value of hydrochar product, approximately 23.4 MJ/kg, was obtained from the Co-HTC condition of 280°C for 8 h. The mutual interaction between two biowastes exhibited superior synergistic fuel characteristics, including lower ash content, higher carbon percentage, and improved energy density. However, the remaining ash content of hydrochar decreased by approximately 25.01%-44.52%, produced from both HTC and Co-HTC processes. The hydrothermal treatment process improved the hygroscopic properties of hydrochar. Finding results show that the HTC and Co-HTC are the potential thermochemical conversions for producing sustainable solid fuel from several biowastes. In addition, the Co-HTC process showed a better hydrochar fuel quality.
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Porous Biochar Supported Transition Metal Phosphide Catalysts for Hydrocracking of Palm Oil to Bio-Jet Fuel
(2022-10-01)
Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
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Smuthkochorn, Araya
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Manatura, Kanit
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Panomsuwan, Gasidit
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Fuji, Masayoshi
The upgrading of plant-based oils to liquid transportation fuels through the hydrotreating process has become the most attractive and promising technical pathway for producing biofuels. This work produced bio-jet fuel (C<inf>9</inf>–C<inf>14</inf> hydrocarbons) from palm olein oil through hydrocracking over varied metal phosphide supported on porous biochar catalysts. Relative metal phosphide catalysts were investigated for the highest performance for bio-jet fuel production. The palm oil’s fiber-derived porous biochar (PFC) revealed its high potential as a catalyst supporter. A series of PFC-supported cobalt, nickel, iron, and molybdenum metal phosphides (Co-P/PFC, Ni-P/PFC, Fe-P/PFC, and Mo-P/PFC) catalysts with a metal-loading content of 10 wt.% were synthesized by wet-impregnation and a reduction process. The performance of the prepared catalysts was tested for palm oil hydrocracking in a trickle-bed continuous flow reactor under fixed conditions; a reaction temperature of 420 °C, LHSV of 1 h−1, and H<inf>2</inf> pressure of 50 bar was found. The Fe-P/PFC catalyst represented the highest hydrocracking performance based on 100% conversion with 94.6% bio-jet selectivity due to its higher active phase dispersion along with high acidity, which is higher than other synthesized catalysts. Moreover, the Fe-P/PFC catalyst was found to be the most selective to C<inf>9</inf> (35.4%) and C<inf>10</inf> (37.6%) hydrocarbons.

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