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    Consumption efficiency of Wolf and lynx spiders, pardosa pseudoannulata and oxyopes javanus, on insect pests of asiatic pennywort
    (2018-07-01)
    Bumroongsook, S.
    ;
    Name, J.
    ;
    Kilaso, M.
    Asiatic pennywort is a plant common to Central and Southeast Asia and is used for folk medicine. The most common predatory spiders found in the Asiatic pennywort growing areas were Wolf and lynx spiders, Pardosa pseudoannulata Bösenberg and Strand and Oxyopes javanus Thorell. They were observed the onsuming two important insect pests of pennywort: Young pennywort cutworm, Zonoplusia ochreata Walker, 1865 and a leafhopper, Empoascanara alami Ahmed. The consumption efficiency associated with spider sex and starvation condition of these two predatory spiders on the leafhopper and pennywort cutworm was assessed in the laboratory. The results showed that female spiders consumed more leafhoppers and pennywort cutworms than did the males. Both predatory spiders preferred the second larval instar of pennywort cutworm. The female and male of O. javanus consumed 18.07 and 17.11 insects/day, respectively, and P. pseudoannulata 14.39 and 12.18 insects/day, respectively. Starvation for a prolonged food of time did not increase hunger level of the spiders. The use of these two spiders combined, in comparison with O. javanus alone, against leafhoppers was not significant (P>0.05). However, P. pseudoannulata and O. javanus are important components of the natural enemy complex in pennywort and therefore they should be conserved to aid insect control in pennywort.
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    Impact of leaf eating caterpillar controls on the diversity of insects in asiatic pennywort farms
    (2018-01-01)
    Name, J.
    ;
    Bumroongsook, S.
    Annual loss of Asiatic pennywort production is primarily due to lepidopterous larvae. The pennywort cutworm (Zonoplusia ochreata) is one of the most destructive leaf feeders of pennywort. Most Thai growers prefer chemical controls to prevent production loss. Bioinsecticide is an alternative to synthetic insecticides. Some organic growers used Bacillus thuringiensis and neem extract for lepidopterous control in pennywort farms. We should understand how diversity of target and non-targeted species in the areas is impacted by different control management. Therefore, four preventative treatments were trialed: natural control in organic farming, Bacillus thuringiensis, neem extract and abamectin, to evaluate their effect on the biodiversity of insects in Chainat, Nonthaburi and Bangkok provinces, all located in the central region of Thailand. After 8 weekly spray applications, the insects were collected using the sweep sampling method. A total of 561 insects were identified belonging to 38 different species, including 34 predator species, and 29 parasitoid species. The effect of different treatments on the species diversity index and evenness index was calculated. Shannon’s species diversity index (H’) was higher in the natural control area (2.74) compared to areas treated with Bt (2.09), neem extract (1.90) and abamectin pesticide (1.88). The evenness index showed a similar trend; natural control (0.82), Bt (0.57), neem extract (0.62) and abamectin (0.55). The results support the hypotheses that organic farming promote insect diversity. Environmentally insect control approaches enhance biodiversity and ecological service in farmland.