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Synergistic effects of biomass-derived carbon quantum dots and Cu Co-doping on TiO2 nanocomposite for enhanced visible-light photocatalysis
(2026-12-01)
Zhao, Huali
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Noonuruk, Russameeruk
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Bootchanont, Atipong
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Porjai, Porramain
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Thongpool, Voranuch
The development of sustainable approaches for enhancing the visible-light activity of TiO<inf>2</inf>-based photocatalysts has attracted considerable research interest. In this work, carbon quantum dots (CQDs)-Cu co-modified TiO<inf>2</inf> nanocomposites were synthesized via a hydrothermal method using butterfly pea ( Clitoria ternatea ) flowers as a biomass-derived carbon source. The Cu content was fixed at 1.5 mol% relative to Ti, while the CQDs loading was controlled by varying the butterfly pea precursor concentration from 0.25 to 1.25 g L−1, yielding 1C–Cu–TiO<inf>2</inf>, 3C–Cu–TiO<inf>2</inf>, and 5C–Cu–TiO<inf>2</inf> samples. The prepared materials were characterized by electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed CQDs with an average size of approximately 4.29 nm and an interplanar spacing of approximately 0.23 nm. All composites retained the anatase TiO<inf>2</inf> phase after Cu incorporation and CQDs modification. Enhanced visible-light absorption was observed and is attributed to the formation of Cu-related sub-band-gap states and the sensitization effect of CQDs. PL analysis showed an emission peak at ∼415 nm under 660 nm excitation, suggesting the presence of upconversion photoluminescence behavior in the CQDs. Conventional PL spectra further suggested reduced charge-carrier recombination in the modified composites. Photocatalytic activity was evaluated through Rhodamine B (RhB) degradation under visible-light irradiation. Among all samples, 1C–Cu–TiO<inf>2</inf> exhibited the highest performance, achieving degradation efficiency of 99.28% within 50 min. The apparent reaction rate constant reached 0.1038 min−1, which was 2.23, 1.96, and 2.90 times higher than those of pristine TiO<inf>2</inf>, Cu–TiO<inf>2</inf>, and 3C–Cu–TiO<inf>2</inf>, respectively. Radical scavenging experiments indicated that •OH and h+ were the dominant reactive species, while •O<inf>2</inf>− also participated in the degradation process. The enhanced photocatalytic performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of Cu and biomass-derived CQDs in improving visible-light harvesting and charge separation, providing an effective approach for developing visible-light-responsive TiO<inf>2</inf> photocatalysts.
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Enhanced photocatalytic ability of CuO/Ni-doped TiO2 nanocomposite under visible light: Theory and experiment
(2025-09-01)
Bootchanont, Atipong
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Samerchue, Sorravich
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Sipae, Chanapong
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Zhao, Huali
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Noonuruk, Russameeruk
CuO/Ni-doped TiO<inf>2</inf> composite photocatalysts were synthesized using a co-precipitation method as the composite of Ni-doped TiO<inf>2</inf> (Ni–TiO<inf>2</inf>) with 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mol% of CuO. Composites with different CuO/Ni–TiO<inf>2</inf> ratios were studied to assess the influence of Ni and CuO on the crystal and local structure by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption (XAS). The energy bandgap is investigated by UV–visible spectroscopy and is described by computational calculations using density functional theory (DFT). The correlation between the local site of Ni and the band structure will be analyzed and discussed by comparing the experiment and First-principle calculations. The photocatalytic activity of the CuO/Ni–TiO<inf>2</inf> systems is due to the absorption of radiation in the visible light region. The results indicated that 1.5 mol% of CuO contributes to the Ni–TiO<inf>2</inf> nanoparticles showing highest photocatalytic activity with rate constant of 0.03477 min−1 in the degradation of Rhodamine B, which could be attributed to the low recombination rate of the electron-hole pair, and decrease of the bandgap, increase in the concentration of •OH radicals in the solution, which is beneficial for improving the photo degradation rate of organic compounds.
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RSM optimization of spray-coating parameters to enhance paper strength using cellulose nanocrystals extracted from young coconut husks
(2025-09-01)
Nuthongkum, Pilaipon
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Noonuruk, Russameeruk
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Bootchanont, Atipong
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Porjai, Porramain
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Wattanawikkam, Chakkaphan
This study optimizes spray-coating parameters for cellulose nanocrystals extracted from young coconut husks onto paper substrates using response surface methodology. CNCs were produced through acid hydrolysis and mechanical grinding, yielding nanocrystals with an average size of 116 nm and a crystallinity index increase from 28.89 % to 86.13 %. XRD and FTIR analyses confirmed high purity, while UV-vis revealed significant optical absorption in the UV range. Spray-coating parameters, including CNC concentration, volume, heating temperature, and heating duration, were optimized using a central composite design. The 2FI model revealed that CNC concentration and heating duration significantly affected film thickness, where higher CNC levels and longer heating durations produced thicker coatings. However, excessive CNC content led to agglomeration, compromising film quality. The quadratic model highlighted a significant relationship between coating parameters and tensile strength. Heat treatment notably enhanced mechanical properties, with optimal tensile strength reaching 26.15 ± 0.61 MPa-15 % higher than uncoated paper-under conditions of 4 % w/v CNC concentration, 1.5 ml volume, 75 °C heating temperature, and 35 min heating duration. This research highlights the potential of CNCs from young coconut husks as a sustainable reinforcement material, promoting agricultural waste valorization and enhancing paper properties.
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Er-Doped BiVO4/BiFeO3 Nanocomposites Synthesized via Sonochemical Process and Their Piezo-Photocatalytic Application
(2024-06-01)
Kansaard, Thanaphon
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Songpanit, Maneerat
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Noonuruk, Russameeruk
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Wattanawikkam, Chakkaphan
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Mekprasart, Wanichaya
In this work, Er-doped BiVO<inf>4</inf>/BiFeO<inf>3</inf> composites are prepared using the sonochemical process with a difference of rare earth loading compositions. The crystallinity and chemical and morphological structure of as-synthesized samples were investigated via X-ray diffraction, Raman scattering, and electron microscopy, respectively. The diffuse reflectance technique was used to extract the optical property and calculate the optical band gap of the composite sample. The piezo-photocatalytic performance was evaluated according to the decomposition of a Rhodamine B organic compound. The decomposition of the organic compound was achieved under ultrasonic bath irradiation combined with light exposure. The Er-doped BiVO<inf>4</inf>/BiFeO<inf>3</inf> composite heterojunction material exhibited significant enhancement of the piezo-photocatalytic activity under both ultrasonic and light irradiation due to the improvement in charge generation and separation. The result indicates that Er dopant strongly affects the phase transformation, change in morphology, and alternation in optical band gap of the BiVO<inf>4</inf> matrix. The incorporation of BiFeO<inf>3</inf> in the composite form with BiVO<inf>4</inf> doped with 1%Er can improve the photocatalytic performance of BiVO<inf>4</inf> via piezo-induced charge separation and charge recombination retardment.
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Piezoelectric enhanced photocatalytic properties of PVDF–ZnO/Cu nanofibers prepared by electrospinning technique
(2022-01-01)
Bootchanont, Atipong
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Porjai, Porramain
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Noonuruk, Russameeruk
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Wattanawikkam, Chakkaphan
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Pavasupree, Sorapong
Piezoelectric-assisted photocatalysis technology is one of the efficient ways to achieve enhancement in photocatalytic performance by facilitating the separation of photoinduced electron and holes via internal field initiated via piezoelectricity. Herein, bi-piezoelectric integrated effect was generated by the combination of piezoelectric semiconductor photocatalyst ZnO/Cu and piezoelectric polymer polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). Firstly, ZnO/Cu nanoparticles were prepared by facile co-precipitation method. Then, nanoparticles (at 10–30 wt%) were loaded in PVDF for fabricating nanofibers by electrospinning technique. All PVDF–ZnO/Cu nanofibers were characterized by XRD, FE-SEM, FTIR, XAS, and UV–Vis DRS. The structural study indicates that the β- and α-phase PVDF is observed in all the prepared nanofibers. XANES technique confirms the oxidation state of 2+ for Zn and Cu ions in both nanoparticles and nanofibers. Furthermore, under the synergy action of ultrasonic and visible light irradiation, PVDF–ZnO/Cu nanofibers exhibit superior piezo-photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B dye when compared with single light or mechanical excitation. Effects of ZnO/Cu concentration on optical, piezoelectric, and photocatalytic properties are discussed.
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Effects of group III dopants on the structural and optical properties of sol-gel derived zno thin films
(2019-01-01)
Santibenchakul, Somtop
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Noonuruk, Russameeruk
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Ruangon, Kamonchanok
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Khamon, Warut
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Pecharapa, Wisanu
In this research, the effect of group III dopants on the structural and optical properties of zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films was investigated. Undoped, Al-, Ga-, and In-doped ZnO thin films at a constant 3 at.% doping content were fabricated by the simple route of a sol-gel spin coating process followed by an annealing technique in an ambient pressure at 500°C. Zinc acetate dihydrate ( Zn(CH <inf>3</inf> COO) <inf>2</inf> · <inf>2</inf> H <inf>2</inf> O), aluminum nitrate nonahydrate (Al(NO <inf>3</inf> ) <inf>3</inf> ·9H <inf>2</inf> O), gallium (III) nitrate hydrate (Ga(NO <inf>3</inf> ) <inf>3</inf> ·xH <inf>2</inf> O), and indium (III) acetate (In(CH <inf>3</inf> COO) <inf>3</inf> ) were used as the starting materials for Zn, Al, Ga, and In sources, respectively. The structural properties of undoped and group III-doped ZnO thin films agreed with the hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure. Moreover, incorporation of group III dopants into the ZnO lattice was able to decrease the grain size and deteriorate the crystallinity of the ZnO. The transmittance phenomena in the visible region of all thin films was shown to be higher than 92%. Furthermore, the optical band gap of ZnO doping with group III dopants is higher than for purified ZnO. In the same way, the morphology of ZnO has a sharp distinction with various types of group III dopants.
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Effect of titanium dopant on physical and optical properties Of Wo 3 thin films prepared by sol-gel method
(2019-01-01)
Kahattha, Chokchai
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Noonuruk, Russameeruk
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Pecharapa, Wisanu
In this present work, the influence of incorporated Ti dopants on the physical and optical properties of WO <inf>3</inf> sol-gel derived thin films are investigated and represented. Ti-doped WO <inf>3</inf> thin films with different Ti doping contents (5 wt%, 10 wt%, and 20 wt%) are fabricated on F-doped tin oxide substrates using the spin coating technique. Tungsten powders and titanium butoxide are used as starting sources of the W and Ti ions, respectively. After the coating process, as-deposited films are annealed at 500°C for 2 h in ambient air. The effects of the dopant on the crystal structure, surface morphologies, chemical bonding, and optical properties of the films are investigated by the X-ray diffraction technique (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. The XRD results indicate the monoclinic structure of the prepared films with a significant alteration in the crystalline size when the film was incorporated with the Ti dopant. The FTIR results reveal the deterioration in the W and O bonding as the film is doped with the Ti dopant. The optical band gaps of the films exhibit a significant blue shift with increasing the Ti doping content. The optical density change and cyclic voltammetry results indicate that the performance of WO <inf>3</inf> film applied as a smart window or energy storage can be enhanced by doping with Ti ions.
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Indium Tin Oxide conductive nanoparticles synthesized by sonochemical method
(2016-10-12)
Noonuruk, Russameeruk
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Kanoksinwuttipong, Jiruntanin
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Mekprasart, Wanichaya
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Techitdheera, Wicharn
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Sritharathikhun, Jaran
This work reports the synthesis of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) nanoparticles via sonochemical process at various calcination temperature using InCl<inf>3</inf> and SnCl<inf>4</inf>·5H<inf>2</inf>O as starting precursors for In and Sn sources, respectively. The crystal structure properties of the samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction. Meanwhile, the size, shape and microstructure of the particles were observed by field emission scanning electron microscope and chemical composition was investigated by energy dispersive X-ray Spectrophotometer. The corresponding optical band gap was determined by diffuse reflectance spectra. The XRD results showed that the as-prepared powders were initially formed in amorphous phase and the crystalline structure of powders were obtained after calcination beyond specific temperature. The correlated reactions and mechanisms during sonochemical process responsible for ITO formation are suggested. The comparison between ITO powders prepared by sonochemical process and co-precipitation process is additionally carried out and the results show significant differences in their morphology and crystallite sizes of the particles.
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Effects of Zn-dopant on structural properties and electrochromic performance of sol-gel derived NiO thin films
(2015-06-01)
Noonuruk, Russameeruk
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Mekprasart, Wanichaya
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Pecharapa, Wisanu
Zn-doped NiO thin films were prepared by sol-gel spin-coating method onto transparent conducting substrates using nickel acetate tetrahydrate and zinc acetate dehydrate as starting precursors. Effects of zinc doping content on the structural, optical and electrochromic properties of NiO films were investigated by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field emission-scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy, UV-VIS spectrophotometer and cyclic voltammetry. The results reveal that Zn doping has significant influence on crystallinity deterioration, surface topography alternation and electrochromic performance of the films. The expansion of active surface area due to reduced crystallinity of the films resulting to the increase of charge transfer in the electrochemical reaction. It is indicated that electrochromic performance of sol-gel derived NiO films can be ameliorated by the incorporation of Zn additive at specific content.
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Sb-doped SnO2 nanoparticles synthesized by sonochemical-assisted precipitation process
(2015-02-01)
Noonuruk, Russameeruk
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Vittayakorn, Naratip
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Mekprasart, Wanichaya
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Sritharathikhun, Jaran
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Pecharapa, Wisanu
Sb-doped SnO<inf>2</inf> nanopowders were synthesized by sonochemical-assisted precipitation process using stannic chloride pentahydrate (SnCl<inf>4</inf> · 5H<inf>2</inf>O) and antimony chloride (SbCl<inf>3</inf>) as starting precursors. Effect of sonication and Sb doping concentrations on physical structures and electrical properties of Sb-doped SnO<inf>2</inf> nanoparticles were investigated by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and two-point probe method. The results indicated that the good dispersion with less agglomeration of particles in SnO<inf>2</inf> phase can be obtained by single step sonochemical-assisted process. Moreover, XRD results indicated that the crystallinity of Sb-doped SnO<inf>2</inf> nanopowders deteriorated with increasing Sb content, suggesting that Sb dopant significantly prevent SnO<inf>2</inf> crystallite growth. The XPS spectra of Sb-doped SnO<inf>2</inf> obviously confirmed the existence of Sb ion incorporated into SnO<inf>2</inf> matrix. These results revealed that incorporation of Sb ions into SnO<inf>2</inf> lattice with specific concentration has significant influence on formation and crystallization and can dramatically enhance the conductivity of tin oxide.

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