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Upcycling lignosulfonate into bio-based polyhydroxybutyrate films for eco-friendly antimicrobial and antioxidant food packaging
(2026-03-30)
Chysirichote, Teerin
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Phaiboonsilpa, Natthanon
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Sakoolkaew, Prueksuda
BACKGROUND: This study explored the upcycling of lignosulfonate, a by-product of the pulp and paper industry, into polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)-based films for sustainable food packaging applications. Glycerol and lignosulfonate were incorporated to enhance film flexibility, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial properties, addressing the growing demand for functional and eco-friendly packaging materials. RESULTS: Glycerol increased film thickness and water vapor permeability but reduced tensile strength, confirming its plasticizing effect. The incorporation of lignosulfonate improved barrier and functional properties by reducing water uptake, enhancing antioxidant capacity, and inhibiting Staphylococcus sp. When applied to choux cream, the optimized lignosulfonate–PHB film (245 g kg−1 glycerol, 120 g kg−1 lignosulfonate) markedly suppressed microbial proliferation, showing the lowest growth rates (μ = 0.56 log CFU g−1 d−1 for total plate count and 0.35 log CFU g−1 d−1 for yeast and mold count at 30 °C) and temperature coefficients (Q₁₀ = 2.16 and 1.78, respectively). This indicates strong thermal stability and effective control of microbial spoilage across 10–30 °C storage. CONCLUSION: Lignosulfonate-based PHB films demonstrate high potential as biodegradable and functional food packaging materials. Their ability to extend shelf life and maintain microbial stability supports the transition toward sustainable, clean-label, and low-emission packaging solutions. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Occurrences in Biomass Char and Its Mitigation Approaches: A Mini Review
(2023-08-01)
Mohd Nor Azman, Nur Aina Najwa
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Asmadi, Mohd
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Amin, Nor Aishah Saidina
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Shamjuddin, Amnani
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Mohammad Zainol, Muzakkir
Biochar is a porous fine-grained substance produced from the pyrolysis technology of biomass that can be commercially used as a soil conditioner to promote soil fertility. Biochar is characterized by high carbon content, stability, and porosity. However, organic pollutants residue of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is also formed during the pyrolysis of biochar. The high concentration of PAHs adversely degrades the quality of biochar for soil amendment application. Meanwhile, highly toxic-PAHs concentration may pose a potential threat to both human health and the environment. The total PAHs yield is mainly influenced by the pyrolysis condition and feedstock resource. This review aims to discuss the conversion pyrolysis technology of biochar and factors that may influence the PAHs formation. The key research findings from this literature will lead to some strategies to minimize the PAHs compound in biochar by controlling the pyrolysis conditions through higher pyrolysis temperature, carrier gas flow, and prolonged pyrolysis time or by selecting suitable feedstock with lower lignin content.
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High Production of Cellulase and Xylanase in Solid-State Fermentation by Trichoderma reesei Using Spent Copra and Wheat Bran in Rotary Bioreactor
(2023-02-22)
Chysirichote, Teerin
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Phaiboonsilpa, Natthanon
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Laosiripojana, Navadol
The enzyme production for lignocellulose saccharification by solid-state fermentation (SSF) of a food manufacturing byproduct was successfully carried out in a 30 L rotary bioreactor. Defatted spent copra (SC) supplemented with wheat bran (WB) was used as a substrate for the SSF of Trichoderma reesei and aerated at various rates. Regression analysis showed that the carbohydrate/protein (C/P) ratio of the substrate and the supplied aeration rate were the important factors for producing the enzyme cocktail, including cellulases (FPase, CMCase, and cellobiase) and xylanase. The substrate containing SC:WB of 3:2 (or the C/P ratio of 5.4) and the aeration of 1.0 L kg-1<inf>substrate</inf> min-1 were found to enhance the production of the enzymes up to 5.68, 8.66, 29.2, and 34.44 U g-1 of dry substrate for FPase, CMCase, cellobiase, and xylanase activities, respectively. This discovery provided a promising environment for other substrates to produce multi-enzymes for lignocellulosic saccharification. Additionally, mathematical models were generated to predict the saccharifying degree of the produced enzyme for lignocellulose saccharification.
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Optimization of Biochar Production from Slow Pyrolysis of Oil Palm Waste
(2022-01-01)
Azman, Nur A.N.M.N.
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Asmadi, Mohd
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Nawawi, Muhammad A.S.
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Amin, Nor A.S.
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Zakaria, Zaki Y.
The Malaysian palm oil industry has grown rapidly in recent years. An abundance of oil palm biomass is generated from the palm oil mil, including fronds, trunks, mesocarp fibre, shells, and empty fruit bunches (EFB). These oil palm wastes (OPW) were potentially converted into value-added products such as syngas, bio-oil, and biochar through thermochemical conversion technology. In this study, the optimization of OPW-derived biochar was conducted using the Box-Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM). The effects of pyrolysis temperature (400-700 °C), pyrolysis time (30-120 min), and nitrogen flow rate (0.4-1.0 L/min) on biochar yield were analysed. The results demonstrated the highest biochar yield (27.2 wt%) was obtained from pyrolysis of EFB at 550 °C for 75 min under 0.7 L/min N2 flow. Then, other OPW sample namely oil palm trunk (OPT), oil palm frond (OPF), and palm kernel shell (PKS) were pyrolyzed at the optimum operating condition. The produced biochar was characterized with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show the highest yield and thermal stability of biochar produced from pyrolysis of PKS compared to other OPW samples. The surface features of PKS-derived biochar also displayed well-developed pores and a honeycomb-like shape. Hence, PKS can be optimized to obtain high-quality biochar.
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Effects of biochar, compost, and composted biochar soil amendments on okra plant growth
(2022-01-01)
Azman, Nur Aina Najwa Mohd Nor
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Khalid, Puteri Inderakusumowati Md
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Amin, Nor Aishah Saidina
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Zakaria, Zaki Yamani
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Zainol, Muzakkir Mohammad
Soil fertility can be improved by incorporating organic matter such as biochar and compost. The combined addition of biochar and compost effectively restores soil degradation by enhancing nutrient availability, soil aggregation, and porosity. Nonetheless, many studies mainly concentrated on a single application of biochar and compost as a soil amendment. In this work, the biochar samples were prepared from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) material at the desired microwave power (450 W) under 1 L/min of N2 flow for 10 min. Then, sandy soil was amended with 5 g of sole biochar and compost, as well as a biochar-compost mixture at a ratio of 1:1 for 8-weeks polybag experiment of okra plants. At 4 weeks of the plantation, the physical and chemical soil properties were analyzed. The okra plant's growths were also measured weekly for 8 weeks of the plantation. The application of biochar and composts alone, and in combination significantly improved soil physicochemical properties and plant growth compared to control soil. The synergetic positive effect of biochar and compost combination resulting lowered soil bulk density with higher soil porosity, moisture content, and nutrients availability. The study showed that a biochar-compost mixture is more effective to enhance soil quality over individual treatments and unamended soil.
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Fermentation of xylose, arabinose, glucose, their mixtures and sugarcane bagasse hydrolyzate by yeast Pichia stipitis for ethanol production
(2020-02-01)
Phaiboonsilpa, Natthanon
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Chysirichote, Teerin
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Champreda, Verawat
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Laosiripojana, Navadol
Xylose, arabinose and glucose were studied their fermentabilities to ethanol by yeast Pichia stipitis. The experiments were conducted by using 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 g/l of mono-saccharide solutions in a close fermentation system at 30 °C with 100-rpm shaking rate for 120 h. Fermentabilities of mono-saccharides appeared to produce high ethanol yield when a low concentration of xylose and arabinose was applied. Glucose fermentability was, however, found to be preferable at high sugar concentration. The highest ethanol yields could be achieved at 106.27, 86.25, and 73.10%, reported as a relative % to its theoretical ethanol yield, by using 1.0 g/l of xylose, 1.0 g/l of arabinose, and 20.0 g/l of glucose solutions, respectively. The empirical equations were then established based on the fementabilities obtained to predict ethanol yield for a given concentration of mono-saccharides. A comparative study on fermentation of the mono-saccharide mixture and sugarcane bagasse hydrolyzate, of which xylose, arabinose and glucose concentrations were similar, were moreover conducted. It was revealed that the empirical equations provided an excellent estimation of ethanol concentration when the mono-saccharide mixture was used. The presence of furans and other compounds in sugarcane bagasse hydrolyzate besides the mono-saccharides, however, resulted in a lower ethanol fermentability compared with that calculated by the empirical equations. This is due apparently to an inhibition effect of these additional components to Pichia stipitis.
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Comparative study on liquefaction behaviors of xylan hemicellulose as treated by different hydrothermal methods
(2020-02-01)
Phaiboonsilpa, Natthanon
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Champreda, Verawat
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Laosiripojana, Navadol
Liquefaction behaviors of xylan were studied as treated by six different hydrothermal methods. As a comparative study, a xylan sample isolated from corn core was subjected to hot-compressed water, hot-compressed 0.01 and 0.1wt% H<inf>2</inf>O<inf>2</inf> solutions under pressurization of N<inf>2</inf> or CO<inf>2</inf> at 110–250 °C for 0 min in 10-ml batch-type reactor. Not only xylose and xylo-oligosaccharides, but also arabinose, glucose, and acetic acid were recovered as hydrolyzed products. In addition, decomposition compounds, i.e. furans and organic acids were found. The highest xylose yield could be attained at 210 °C in all the studied hydrothermal methods, except for only 0.1wt% H<inf>2</inf>O<inf>2</inf> solution under pressurization of CO<inf>2</inf>. By this strongly oxidative condition, where peroxy carbonic acid was formed in situ, the temperature that xylose could be highly recovered was at 190 °C. The highest xylose yield of 61.62wt% was obtained by 0.01wt% H<inf>2</inf>O<inf>2</inf> solution under pressurization of N<inf>2</inf>. Formation of furan compounds showed a preference to the treatments with pressurized CO<inf>2</inf>, while organic acids had a better recovery when N<inf>2</inf> was applied. Different results in the production of various liquefied products could be attributed to the degree of hydrolysis and oxidation reactions which altered under the different hydrothermal methods.

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