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Plant extract-based nanoemulsion for controlling sweet potato pests and weeds
(2026-12-01)
Pumnuan, Jarongsak
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Ruddit, Anusart
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Lakyat, Anuwat
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Doungnapa, Thanaporn
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Deemak, Jantra
The sweet potato weevil (Cylas formicarius) is the most destructive pest of sweet potato and is often associated with diseases and weeds. The use of plant extracts as pest control agents is a promising, eco-friendly approach, but their effectiveness often declines under field conditions. Therefore, nanoemulsion technology was applied to improve the dispersion and bioefficacy of active compounds. In this study, we aimed to develop plant extract-based nanoemulsions as multifunctional biopesticides capable of controlling insect pests, fungal pathogens, and weeds. Twenty-one plant extracts were screened for their effects adult SPW via contact methods. The most potent extracts were then formulated into nanoemulsions and evaluated for insecticidal efficacy—including contact toxicity, repellency, and oviposition inhibition. In addition to insecticidal effects, antifungal and herbicidal activities were systematically assessed against Fusarium sp. and two common weed species in sweet potato fields, Amaranthus tricolor and Echinochloa crus-galli. The major chemical constituents of key extracts were identified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Among all extracts, the hexane extracts of star anise and long pepper exhibited the highest contact toxicity, with LC50 values ranging from 2.051 to 2.415% at 24 h. When formulated into nanoemulsions (NHEF-1 and NHEH-2), toxicity increased 16- to 18-fold, lowering LC<inf>50</inf> values to 0.114–0.150%, and at above 0.1%, oviposition was inhibited by more than 85%. Both formulations also demonstrated significant antifungal activity against Fusarium sp. (44.6–56.8% growth inhibition) and completely inhibited the germination of A. tricolor (at 0.01%) and E. crus-galli (at 1.0%). GC–MS analysis revealed anethole (84.49%) as the predominant compound in the star anise extract, with long pepper extract containing moderate amounts of several compounds. These findings demonstrate the potential of plant extract-based nanoemulsions as eco-friendly, multifunctional biopesticides for sustainable sweet potato management, integrating enhanced insecticidal, antifungal, and herbicidal effects.
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Field Performance and ecological safety of botanical nanoemulsions against sweet potato weevil in Tropical smallholder systems
(2026-06-01)
Pumnuan, Jarongsak
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Lakyat, Anuwat
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Name, Janejira
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Deemak, Jantra
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Phutphat, Sudjai
This study investigated the effectiveness of two nanoemulsion-based plant hexane extract formulations, S4L0 and S3L1, for managing sweet potato weevils (SPW) under field conditions. The formulations, derived from star anise and long pepper hexane extracts, were tested alongside a synthetic insecticide (imidacloprid) and an untreated control using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) on farmer plots in Sa Kaeo Province, Thailand. Key determination parameters included SPW infestation levels, crop yield, pesticide residue levels, diversity of non-target soil arthropods, and soil physicochemical properties. Field applications of S4L0 and S3L1 reduced SPW infestations to 3.6 ± 4.3 and 11.1 ± 5.0 insects per plant, respectively, significantly lower than in untreated plots (33.9 ± 11.8 insects/plant). No detectable imidacloprid residues were found in tubers treated with S4L0 or S3L1, whereas imidacloprid-treated tubers retained residues of 0.335 and 0.144 ppm at 5 and 7 days after application. Sweet potato yields ranged from 310 to 440 g/plant, with no significant differences among treatments. The untreated plots supported greater diversity and abundance of non-target soil arthropods, while the imidacloprid-treated plots showed the lowest diversity. Soil properties, including bulk density, pH, electrical conductivity, and organic matter content, remained stable across treatments. Overall, S4L0 and S3L1 demonstrated effective pest suppression and minimal environmental impact, highlighting their potential as sustainable alternatives to synthetic insecticides for integrated pest management in sweet potato production.
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Long-term insect surveillance and facility-level risk assessment to support integrated pest management in a fruit juice manufacturing facility
(2026-06-01)
Chantarapitak, Chaiamon
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Pumnuan, Jarongsak
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Chanpitak, Chaiwat
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Kramchote, Somsak
Long-term insect surveillance is a critical component of industrial pest management in food manufacturing facilities. This study assessed the effectiveness of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program implemented in a fruit juice factory in Pathum Thani, Thailand, from January 2023 to June 2025. Weekly monitoring using 28 insect light traps and sticky boards was conducted across the facility. Capture data were aggregated on a monthly basis. To reduce the confounding influence of seasonal variation, temporal trends were assessed using same-period half-year comparisons. Diptera, particularly fruit flies, was predominant (85.7%), followed by Hemiptera (including former Homoptera) (7.9%), Hymenoptera (1.7%), and Coleoptera (1.3%). Other insects occurred at very low frequencies, collectively accounting for < 1% of the total captures. Temporal analysis using same-period half-year comparisons showed reductions of −19.1%, −28.0%, and −12.6%, followed by stabilization in 2025, with a distinct peak in November 2023 suppressed by corrective measures such as fogging, light management, and door control. The response followed a stepwise IPM framework with intensified actions only when required. Spatial analysis showed higher captures in Building 2 and the staff canteen than in Building 1. Risk classification showed most traps remained within acceptable thresholds, while persistent Level 3 risks were limited to Traps 10, 18, and 19 in Building 2. These results indicate a progressive reduction in insect captures across successive monitoring intervals under the implemented IPM program, followed by stabilization at comparatively low levels. The study provides a long-term dataset and a practical framework for facility-level insect risk assessment, supporting evidence-based pest management in industrial settings.
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Optimization of Feed Formulation, Feeding Rate, and Plant-Based Supplements for Efficient Rearing of the Superworm Zophobas morio (Fabricius) Under Tropical Conditions
(2026-02-01)
Pumnuan, Jarongsak
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Prachom, Noratat
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Kramchote, Somsak
Insects are increasingly recognized as sustainable protein sources due to their high feed conversion efficiency and low environmental impact. Among them, the superworm, Zophobas morio (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), has strong potential for large-scale production; however, optimized feeding strategies under tropical conditions remain limited. This study aimed (1) to determine the optimal feed formulations and feeding rate using wheat bran supplemented with the KMITL Protein Innovation source (a protein feed ingredient developed by the School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, KMITL), and (2) evaluate the influence of plant-based supplementary foods on larval performance. In Phase I, larvae were reared on 13 formulations with three protein levels (CP00, CP21, and CP24) and five feeding rates (A–E). Diets CP21–21 and CP24–21 (21 and 24% CP; wheat bran/protein = 2:1) resulted in the highest survival (83.4–84.1%) and the lowest feed conversion ratios (FCR = 2.29–2.34). Moderate feeding rates (C–D; 925–1110 g feed per tray for 50 days) produced the greatest larval weights (700–760 mg), whereas ad libitum feeding provided no additional benefit. In Phase II, larvae reared on CP21–21 with a restricted rate of 1100 g per tray and supplemented with ten plant-derived foods achieved comparable final weights (716–760 mg), but survival varied significantly among treatments. Mulberry leaf yielded the highest survival (95.3%), followed by banana, watermelon rind, winter melon, and jicama (>90%). Pumpkin and jicama accelerated pupation and adult emergence, showing a female-biased sex ratio among emerged adults (59.2–65.5%), suggesting enhanced developmental rates. These results establish a practical framework for cost-effective and sustainable Z. morio production under tropical conditions, contributing to circular bioeconomy strategies and supporting insect-protein innovation.
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In Vitro Termiticidal Activity of Medicinal Plant Essential Oils Against Microcerotermes crassus
(2025-12-01)
Chantarapitak, Chaiamon
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Pumnuan, Jarongsak
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Chanpitak, Chaiwat
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Kramchote, Somsak
Termites are destructive structural pests causing significant economic losses worldwide. Although synthetic termiticides are effective, their extensive use raises environmental and health concerns, highlighting the need for safer, sustainable alternatives. This study evaluated the contact toxicity and repellency in a closed system of essential oils (EOs) from clove (Syzygium aromaticum), cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), and star anise (Illicium verum) against Microcerotermes crassus workers. Chemical constituents (eugenol and anethole) were characterized by GC–MS/MS, and their activities were compared with those commercial termiticides (fipronil and cypermethrin). Clove and cinnamon oils exhibited strong toxicity, with LC<inf>50</inf> values decreasing from 208.6 to 70.6 µL/L and from 362.6 to 130.5 µL/L, respectively, over 24 h. Both achieved LT<inf>50</inf> values below 10 h at 250 µL/L and over 80% repellency at 100–500 µL/L within 3–12 h. Eugenol, the major constituent, showed comparable activity. In contrast, star anise oil, dominated by anethole, displayed weaker repellency but measurable termiticidal effects with a slower onset. These findings indicate that eugenol-rich oils may provide rapid-contact activity. In contrast, anethole-rich oils may offer slower but measurable termiticidal effects, suggesting distinct potential roles in future formulation development. The findings provide a foundation for developing nanoemulsion-based botanical termiticides with improved stability and field performance.
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Parasiticidal Properties of Nanoemulsion-Based Plant Essential Oil Formulations for Controlling Poultry Ectoparasites in Farm Conditions
(2024-11-01)
Pumnuan, Jarongsak
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Lakyat, Anuwat
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Klompanya, Ampon
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Taemchuay, Duangkamol
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Assavawongsanon, Amorn
Nanoemulsion-based plant essential oil formulations (NEOFs) have shown remarkable parasiticidal properties in laboratory settings, suggesting the potential for practical farm applications. This study investigates the efficacy of NEOFs—comprising clove and cinnamon essential oils (EOs)—in controlling poultry ectoparasites under real farm conditions. We evaluated the impact of NEOFs on ectoparasite populations, egg-laying performance, egg quality, leukocyte profiles in chicken blood, and potential insecticide residues in eggs. Conducted across various poultry farms, the results revealed that NEOFs achieved an over 95% ectoparasite eradication after two treatments, compared to significantly higher ectoparasite populations in untreated control groups. Egg production was notably higher in NEOF-treated flocks, and the feed conversion ratio was improved. No significant differences in leukocyte profiles were observed between the treated and control groups. In contrast, cypermethrin residues were detectable in eggs for more than eight weeks post-treatment. NEOFs achieved an over 97% ectoparasite extermination within seven days post-treatment, with farmer satisfaction averaging 4.83 out of 5.00. These findings position NEOFs as a highly effective, environmentally friendly alternative to chemical pesticides for managing poultry ectoparasites, offering a viable solution for sustainable poultry farming.
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Nanoemulsion-based plant essential oil formulations: in vitro evaluation of pesticidal activity against ectoparasites in poultry
(2024-01-01)
Lakyat, Anuwat
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Pumnuan, Jarongsak
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Doungnapa, Thanaporn
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Phutphat, Sudjai
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Kramchote, Somsak
Ectoparasite infestations significantly impact the health and productivity of poultry. Chemical applications, although common for pest control, lead to pesticide residues and parasite resistance in poultry. Nanoemulsion-based plant essential oil formulations (NEOFs) provide a promising alternative for controlling poultry ectoparasites. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of NEOFs from clove, cinnamon, and turmeric essential oils (EOs) against ectoparasites, Menopon gallinae and Megninia ginglymura, under laboratory conditions. The toxicity and repellent properties of the NEOFs were examined, with the major chemical compounds of the EOs analyzed using chromatography mass spectrometer. Results identified eugenol as the dominant component in clove and cinnamon EOs (84.60 and 75.19%, respectively), while turmerone (68.46%) was the major compound in turmeric EO. NEOFs with clove:cinnamon:turmeric ratios of 4:0:0, 2:2:0, and 2:0:2 had particle size of 20.76 nm, 20.66 nm, and 89.56 nm, respectively, while those based on eugenol and turmerone standards had sizes <21.0 nm. In addition, NEOFs at 0.3% concentration with ratios of 4:0:0 and 2:2:0 achieved full control of both ectoparasites. These formulas demonstrated exceptional potency in exterminating ectoparasites, with LC<inf>50</inf> and LC<inf>90</inf> at <0.160 and <0.250%, respectively, 6 h after treatments. Furthermore, both NEOFs showed higher repellence responses in M. gallinae compared to M. ginglymura. The toxicities of these NEOFs were comparably effective against both parasites, showing no significant difference compared with chemical insecticide treatment. Therefore, further research will explore the practicality of using clove and cinnamon-derived NEOFs under farm conditions.
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Antioxidant Potential, Phenolic Content, and Nitrate/Nitrite Content in Various Lettuce Varieties
(2024-01-01)
Pumnuan, Jarongsak
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Kramchote, Somsak
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Sarapothong, Kritima
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Doungnapa, Thanaporn
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Pisutpiboonwong, Nattakarn
Ten lettuce varieties are analyzed for antioxidant activity, total phenolic, nitrate, and nitrite contents, and the effects of harvest maturity and cold storage in selected varieties are determined. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (TPC) are the highest in Red Oak, Red Coral, Red Rapids, and Grand Rapids; intermediate in Green Oak, Green Cos, and Frillice Iceberg; and the lowest in Butterhead, Mini Green Cos, and Head lettuce. Nitrate content is the highest in Red Coral, while the other 9 varieties have comparably lower contents. Nitrite content is inadequate and does not differ with variety. Harvest maturity of 45 days after transplanting (DAT) produced the highest antioxidant activity and TPC, much higher in Red Bowl and Red Butterhead varieties than in Mini Green Cos, Butterhead, Frillice Iceberg, and Green Big Bowl varieties. Storage at 8<sup>o</sup>C for 21 days has no remarkable effects on antioxidant activity, TPC, nitrate, and nitrite contents. Stored Red Bowl lettuce has higher antioxidant activity and TPC than Butter-head and Green Big Bowl varieties. Nitrate content decreases at the end of storage, while nitrite content is below 1 mg/kg FW during the entire storage period, regardless of variety.
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Effects of Substituting the Two-Spotted Cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) Meal for Fish Meal on Growth Performances and Digestibility of Striped Snakehead (Channa striata) Juveniles
(2023-02-01)
Prachom, Noratat
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Yuangsoi, Bundit
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Pumnuan, Jarongsak
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Ashour, Mohamed
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Davies, Simon J.
This study aimed to investigate the potential of using field two-spotted cricket Gryllus bimaculatus as the main protein source in fish feed for striped snakehead (Channa striata) juveniles. A 10-week feeding effect on growth performance, feed utilization, digestibility of major nutrients, including amino acids, and physiological outputs of nitrogen and phosphorus were determined. A total of 225 C. striata juvenile fish (Initial weight, 15.0 ± 0.1 g) were randomly distributed into three dietary groups in triplicate (25 fish per rectangular aquarium within a semi-recirculating system). Each group was hand-fed one of the experimental diets containing the graded level of a cricket meal (CM) replacing 0%, 50%, and 100% (CM<inf>0%</inf>, CM<inf>50%</inf>, and CM<inf>100%</inf>, respectively) of fish meal (FM) protein component. The results showed that growth performance and protein retention tended to increase with increasing dietary CM levels, whereas the waste outputs of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) decreased. Apparent net protein utilization (ANPU) and P retention values increased with increasing levels of cricket meal inclusion level in the diet. There was a significant reduction in both N and P solid waste and dissolved waste output for snakehead with increased CM inclusion. There were significant effects of CM level on fish whole-body composition in terms of elevated protein and fat content. In conclusion, the CM is a viable alternative protein source for aquaculture feeds and can be included up to 100% as a replacement for FM without compromising the growth performance of striped snakehead Channa striata juveniles. This may also have a more favorable impact, with the potential to reduce N and P loading to the environment.
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Film seeds coating with hexane extracts from Illicium verum Hook.f. and Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill & Perry for controlling Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) and Callosobruchus chinensis L
(2021-05-01)
Pumnuan, Jarongsak
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Sarapothong, Kritima
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Sikhao, Potjana
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Pattamadilok, Chutichot
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Insung, Ammorn
BACKGROUND: The application of film seed coating with some plant extracts against stored insect pests was an alternative approach for insect protection instead of using chemical insecticides. The overuse of insecticides has contributed to both human health and environmental problems. The hexane extracts of Illicium verum (HS) and Syzygium aromaticum (HC) were evaluated against bruchid beetles (Callosobruchus maculatus and Callosobruchus chinensis). The insecticidal activities and enhancing seed germination after being coated by various concentrations of extracts, purified fraction (PF) of extracts, standard chemicals of PF, fipronil insecticide (FI), and coating agent groups were evaluated after stored. RESULTS: Both HS and HC at 3% concentrations were more effective against C. maculatus than C. chinensis with LT<inf>50</inf> values of 1.60–1.90 and 3.44–3.62 h, respectively. They could also kill those insects with a higher number than that of standards. The HS and HC could inhibit the progeny population of those insects over 95.6% with no significant difference compared to the FI group. The eugenol standard was the most effective and completely inhibited the emergence compared with trans-anethol standard and PFs. The seed that was coated with 1% of HS and stored at 4 °C for 6 months showed no effect on seed germination with no significant difference between FI and control groups. CONCLUSION: The application of 1% of HS incorporated in the film seed coating against bruchid beetles and did not affect seed germination quality after 6 months. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

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