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Sustainable Production of Chitosan from Mussel Shells with Upcycling of Demineralization Effluent into Calcium Formate
(2026-05-01)
Seangarun, Chaowared
;
Boonchom, Banjong
;
Seesanong, Somkiat
;
Boonmee, Wimonmat
;
Punthipayanon, Sirichet
This study proposes a sustainable, integrated biorefinery approach to valorize mussel shell waste into high-value products, including chitin, chitosan, and calcium formate. Formic acid was employed as an effective demineralizing agent, enabling not only efficient mineral removal but also the direct conversion of the demineralization effluent into value-added calcium formate. The sequential extraction processes, demineralization, deproteinization, and decolorization, successfully yielded purified chitin (PCH), which was subsequently deacetylated to produce chitosan (CTS) with a degree of deacetylation of 85% and a molecular weight of 75 kDa. The physicochemical properties of all products were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR and XRD analyses confirmed the successful extraction of chitin and chitosan, demonstrating the feasibility of mussel shells as an alternative biopolymer source. In parallel, calcium formate (CCF) was obtained from the demineralization effluent with a yield of 94.19%, and its formation was verified by FTIR and XRD. Elemental analysis by XRF exhibited 98.3% CaO with minimal non-toxic impurities. The TGA/DTG profiles of CCF exhibited a well-defined two-step thermal decomposition, confirming its anhydrous form. Overall, this environmentally benign process enables the simultaneous production of multiple value-added products while significantly improving resource utilization and reducing waste generation. The proposed integrated biorefinery model offers a promising, economically viable pathway for marine biomass valorization, aligned with the Bio-Circular-Green (BCG) economy concept.
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Valorization of Mussel Shell Waste to Chitin, Chitosan, and Calcium Lactate for Bio-Green-Circular Management
(2026-04-01)
Seangarun, Chaowared
;
Seesanong, Somkiat
;
Boonchom, Banjong
;
Boonmee, Wimonmat
;
Punthipayanon, Sirichet
This study presents a green bio-upcycling strategy for converting mussel shell biowaste into three value-added products: chitin, chitosan, and calcium lactate. Mussel shells were treated chemically with lactic acid during demineralization, yielding a solid fraction rich in chitin and a liquid fraction containing calcium and lactate ions. The solid fraction was sequentially purified by deproteinization and decolorization, then deacetylated to obtain chitosan, while the liquid fraction was evaporated to obtain calcium lactate. Notably, 2.37 g of raw chitin, 2.15 g of purified chitin, and 275.87 g of calcium lactate were obtained from 100 g of mussel shells, demonstrating the efficiency of the process. FTIR spectra revealed characteristic absorption bands corresponding to α-chitin and chitosan functional groups, while XRD patterns indicated the crystalline α-chitin structure and the formation of calcium lactate pentahydrate. TGA demonstrated the high thermal stability of chitin and chitosan and confirmed the presence of crystallization water in calcium lactate. In conclusion, these results confirmed the successful preparation of α-chitin, chitosan, and calcium lactate pentahydrate, with improved purity compared to previous studies. This approach highlights the potential of the green bio-upcycling process of mussel shell waste as a renewable source for the eco-friendly production of biopolymers and calcium salts, supporting sustainable waste management and the development of the Bio-Circular-Green (BCG) economy.
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Influence of Organic Solvent on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Calcium Citrate Prepared from Mussel Shell Waste
(2025-06-01)
Punthipayanon, Sirichet
;
Chanwetprasat, Pantita
;
Seesanong, Somkiat
;
Boonchom, Banjong
;
Rungrojchaipon, Pesak
A green and mild chemical reaction of calcium citrate (CC) was successfully prepared from reactions between mussel shell waste and citric acid in the presence of acetone (AC), ethanol (Et), and isopropyl alcohol (IPA). All the synthesized CCs contained the same functional groups such as citrate (C<inf>6</inf>H<inf>5</inf>O<inf>7</inf><sup>3−</sup>), water (H<inf>2</inf>O), and calcium–oxygen (Ca–O). However, the differences in the spectra pointed out the differences in the crystal environment and structure of CCs. CC-AC and CC-IPA mainly crystallized in the monoclinic [Ca<inf>3</inf>(C<inf>6</inf>H<inf>5</inf>O<inf>7</inf>)<inf>2</inf>(H<inf>2</inf>O)<inf>2</inf>]·2H<inf>2</inf>O crystal system, whereas CC-Et mainly crystallized in the triclinic Ca<inf>3</inf>(C<inf>6</inf>H<inf>5</inf>O<inf>7</inf>)<inf>2</inf>∙(H<inf>2</inf>O)<inf>4</inf> structure. The molecular alignments of triclinic CC-Et were different from monoclinic CC-AC and CC-IPA, resulting in differences in thermal behaviors. Two dehydration steps were observed for the monoclinic CC-AC and CC-IPA, whereas the triclinic CC-Et showed a single dehydration process. The TG mass losses further demonstrated that anhydrous Ca<inf>3</inf>(C<inf>6</inf>H<inf>5</inf>O<inf>7</inf>)<inf>2</inf> phase, in addition to the Ca<inf>3</inf>(C<inf>6</inf>H<inf>5</inf>O<inf>7</inf>)<inf>2</inf>∙4H<inf>2</inf>O, was also observed for CC-AC and CC-IPA, whereas CC-Et contained a single Ca<inf>3</inf>(C<inf>6</inf>H<inf>5</inf>O<inf>7</inf>)<inf>2</inf>∙(H<inf>2</inf>O)<inf>4</inf> phase. The morphologies of CC-AC and CC-IPA also differed from that of CC-Et. The differences in some properties of the synthesized CCs could be attributed to the change in the supersaturation state of the reaction solution. Due to the superior polarity, ethanol is more compatible with citric acid. The presence of ethanol could suppress the supersaturation rate of the reaction solution, causing the modulation of the precipitation mechanisms and reducing the particle growth rate of CC-Et, thereby explaining the difference in vibrational, structural, thermal, and morphological characteristics of CC-Et, compared to CC-AC and CC-IPA.

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