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Antimicrobial film from jackfruit waste powder incorporating clove and ginger essential oils and its application in food packaging
(2026-06-01)
Nimitr, Ronakit
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Eamsiriluck, Phutthipong
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Purba, Daniel Tua
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Sakdasri, Winatta
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Krusong, Warawut
Bioactive composite films were developed utilizing a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and jackfruit waste powder (JK PW) matrix, functionalized with either ginger (JK PW–GEO) or clove essential oil (JK PW–CEO). Structural characterization indicated that the essential oils were chemically anchored to the polymer matrix via intermolecular hydrogen bonding, facilitating the formation of a cohesive micro-composite architecture. These chemical interactions significantly enhanced thermal stability; notably, JK PW–GEO films exhibited superior thermal resistance (limiting mass loss to 9 % within the 180–260 °C range) compared to JK PW–CEO films (∼14 % loss). This stability is attributed to the robust retention of non-volatile gingerols within the hydrogen-bonded network, as confirmed by HS-GC–MS/MS analysis. Regarding functional bioactivity, distinct performance profiles were observed: JK PW–CEO films demonstrated exceptional antioxidant capacity (334.75 mg GAE/g; 90.62 % DPPH radical scavenging), whereas JK PW–GEO films exhibited broader antimicrobial efficacy, particularly against resistant bacterial strains such as Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella enterica . In practical application trials, both film formulations effectively extended the shelf life of bread and fresh poultry by mitigating microbial proliferation and suppressing spoilage odors. Sensory evaluation confirmed that the films maintained desirable olfactory profiles, thereby enhancing the perceived quality of the packaged products. Collectively, this study establishes that JK PW-based composites offer a sustainable avenue for active packaging, wherein ginger oil provides superior thermal and antimicrobial stability, while clove oil delivers potent antioxidant protection.
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Technoeconomic analysis of biofuel production from spent coffee grounds using supercritical ethyl acetate
(2026-03-01)
Supang, Wirasinee
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Ngamprasertsith, Somkiat
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Sakdasri, Winatta
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Sawangkeaw, Ruengwit
This study is a techno-economic analysis of biodiesel production from spent coffee grounds (SCGs) using ethyl acetate as an extracting solvent and a reactant through interesterification under supercritical conditions—a process called SCEA. Aspen Plus V12 was employed to simulate the SCEA process compared to the conventional biodiesel production process. Both processes operated at an original feed rate of 24,225 tonnes per year, but the production capacities of the conventional and SCEA processes were 1000 tonnes per year and 1800 tonnes per year, respectively. Because of the simplicity of SCEA, the fixed capital investment costs were lower than those of the conventional process. However, at the original feed rate, neither process was profitable within a project lifetime of 20 years. The production capacity of SCEA was increased to 4 times, 8 times, and 16 times its original size to identify the most effective scale for the production facility. The SCEA process commenced successfully with a production capacity of 7500 tonnes per year, but the payback period of 19.5 years was deemed unsatisfactory. The production capacities of 15,000 tonnes per year and 30,000 tonnes per year provided the payback periods of 7.67 years and 6.08 years, respectively. Nonetheless, the 15,000-ton plant requires 193,798 tonnes SCGs per year as feedstock, which is 12 times the annual coffee production in Thailand. Hence, this project is well-suited for large coffee producers when utilizing SCGs as a singular feedstock. Combining other feedstocks, such as microalgae, non-edible seeds, and waste fruit seeds, with SCGs presents an optional pathway for future research on biodiesel production.
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Biodiesel production from spent coffee grounds via ethanolic extraction and supercritical ethanol transesterification: technoeconomic analysis and life cycle assessment
(2026-01-01)
Supang, Wirasinee
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Ngamprasertsith, Somkiat
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Nimmanterdwong, Prathana
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Sakdasri, Winatta
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Hunsub, Panusorn
Previous studies have developed biodiesel production methods from spent coffee grounds (SCGs) via ethanolic extraction and supercritical ethanol transesterification (EE-SET) to minimize the energy consumption associated with solvent evaporation. In this study, we perform a technoeconomic analysis (TEA) and a life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the profitability and sustainability of EE-SET. The material and energy balances in the TEA and LCA were derived from Aspen Plus<sup>®</sup> V12 based on experimental data from previous research. The results from the base case indicated that EE-SET was unprofitable and posed a considerable environmental burden by disposing of defatted SCG (DSCG) as solid waste due to two main issues. First, the amount of DSCG was 4.8 times greater than the total biodiesel and glycerol produced. Second, landfilling DSCG incurred waste treatment costs and induced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions simultaneously. Selling DSCG as a feedstock for solid fuel pellets offers an effective strategy for achieving profitability and sustainability. As such, EE-SET addresses the economic drawback of generating profit from selling DSCG while reducing waste treatment costs. Using DSCG as a solid fuel for environmental benefits increases ash disposal credit and substantially reduces GHG emissions. The incorporation of pelletizing units or biomass power plants into EE-SET represents a promising avenue for future research.
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Simultaneous extraction of crude polysaccharides, soluble proteins, gingerols, and shogaols from dried ginger by subcritical water extraction
(2025-06-01)
Sakdasri, Winatta
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Kaomaneechot, Sunanta
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Lasim, Sarida
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Somboon, Pichayada
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Chotigavin, Natthaporn
Subcritical water extraction (SWE) is a remarkable method for the simultaneous extraction of high- and low-polarity bioactive compounds from ginger. This study investigated the effects of temperature, pressure, and extraction time on the crude polysaccharide yield, protein content, total phenolic content (TPC), and amounts of 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol. The pressure was maintained at 30 bars, and the temperature and extraction time were optimized to maximize the polysaccharide yield, protein, TPC, gingerols, and shogaols contents. The rising temperatures (100–160 °C) and extended extraction times (10–50 min) enhanced the yield and TPC but negatively affected protein stability, leading to thermal degradation when the temperature surpassed 180 °C. Specifically, the content of 6-gingerol decreased at high temperatures because of its conversion into 6-shogaol. The optimal extraction conditions were 160 °C for 40 min at 30 bars, resulting in a polysaccharide yield of 8.54 %, protein content of 100.35 mg body surface area/g dry mass, TPC of 18.10 mg Galic acid (GA)/g dry mass, 6-gingerol content of 2.14 mg/g dry mass, and 6-shogaol content of 0.28 mg/g dry mass. Therefore, SWE effectively extracts various polar bioactive compounds from plant materials in a single step.
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Life cycle assessment of spray-drying encapsulation of crude peptides produced from defective green coffee beans
(2025-03-01)
Hunsub, Panusorn
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Ngamprasertsith, Somkiat
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Prichapan, Nattapong
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Sakdasri, Winatta
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Karnchanatat, Aphichart
The use of agricultural waste for the production of value-added ingredients was investigated. Defective green coffee beans were utilized as alternative feedstocks for the production of peptides. The crude peptides were produced by enzymatic hydrolysis, followed by membrane filtration and centrifugation. Subsequently, hydrolysate peptides were encapsulated via spray drying with maltodextrin as the carrier, facilitating their use as a functional ingredient in food supplements. This study aimed to produce hydrolysate peptides from defatted defective green coffee beans by supercritical carbon dioxide with ethanol as a cosolvent. Additionally, their environmental impacts (gate to gate) were evaluated and analyzed using the life cycle assessment approach. Data obtained from pilot-scale production of 10 L of oil extract and 50 L of peptide extract were used to examine the environmental consequences of the various treatments. Two scenarios of downstream processing were examined for equivalent antioxidant activity: spray-drying without maltodextrin (Scenario 1) and spray-drying with maltodextrin encapsulation (Scenario 2). Scenario 2 consumed less electricity than Scenario 1 due to its shorter operating time and lower environmental impact compared to Scenario 1. Additionally, its encapsulated form is suitable for antioxidant retention and the storage of functional ingredients. The greatest environmental impact arose from supercritical carbon dioxide with ethanol extraction, which affected 8 out of 15 midpoint categories, followed by spray dry encapsulation, which affected 7 out of 15 midpoint categories. Solutions for improvement, such as carbon dioxide and/or ethanol recycling, and alternative heat and electricity sources are also discussed.
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Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction of Dietary Fiber from Defective Lemon Basil (Ocimum basilicum var. citriodorum) Seed
(2025-01-01)
Nilmat, Kamonthip
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Noitang, Sajee
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Supang, Wirasinee
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Sakdasri, Winatta
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Chotigavin, Natthaporn
Lemon basil (Ocimum basilicum var. citriodorum) is an herbaceous plant cultivated for seed consumption only in Sukhothai Province, Thailand. Unlike cultivating for fresh leave consumption, the production of lemon basil seed requires maturity and reproduction phases, the same as rice and wheat. After harvesting, the farmer separates unmatured red basil seeds (RBS) because of their diverse color. The RBS contains valuable compounds, such as dietary fiber, that could be extracted by an ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). This work aims to extract DF with the highest brightness using L*a*b* color in liquid form as an indicator. The optimal condition was identified by the crossing point between the brightness (L*) and extraction yield. The proximate nutrient analysis showed that RBS has a higher fiber content than high-quality basil seed (HBS). For water swelling ability, HBS performed 4-fold higher than RBS. The complete extraction of dietary fiber was observed at 10 min for UAE at 200 W, a water-to-seed ratio of 30:1, and 100% amplitude, and it was preferably conducted at room temperature (30±2°C) without an external cooling system. The correlation between UAE extraction time and temperature at constant total power and amplitude was also explored. When the extraction temperature exceeded 80°C, the extracted mucilage was rotten within 24 h, even if stored at 4°C. Moreover, the extracted RBS contained Omega-3 oil that a screw-press machine or supercritical CO2 could extract in further study.
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Biodiesel Production from Rambutan Seed Waste by Supercritical Ethanol: Economic Analysis
(2025-01-01)
Supang, Wirasinee
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Nilmat, Kamonthip
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Sakdasri, Winatta
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Utthachat, Kassama
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Ngamprasertsith, Somkiat
The production capacity of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum Linn.) in Thailand is approximately 0.3–0.4 million tons per year, and an average of 1,900 tons of rambutan seed is left as seed waste. This work pre-extracted rambutan seed oil using a single screw press machine to serve as feedstock for biodiesel production. However, the rambutan seed had a high lipid content of ~40%; the screw press machine was capable of extracting only 6–10% of the rambutan seed oil; in other words, ~24% of the residual oil remains in the seed cake. An ethanolic extraction was performed to recover the remaining lipids in the pressed seed cake. This work also aimed to use ethanol as a reactant for biodiesel production in supercritical conditions without removing the extracting ethanol. Ethanolic extraction and supercritical ethanol transesterification were collectively called the EE-SET process. The fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) content in the resultant biodiesel ranged from 40–60% because rambutan seed oil contained ~50% oleic (C18:1) and ~40% arachidic (C20:0) acids, which have higher molecular weights than common plant oil. Next, the experimental conditions were simulated in Aspen Plus V.12 software to estimate the mass and energy balances in the biodiesel production process. The results from computer simulations were applied to an economic analysis to assess the feasibility of the EE-SET process. Because the unique fatty acid profile of rambutan seed oil generated a lower FAEE content and consumed a large amount of energy for distillation, the process's complexity reduced the EE-SET process's profitability.
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Effects of temperature and pressure on volatile compounds of black cumin seeds (Nigella sativa L.) oil extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide
(2025-01-01)
Sakdasri, Winatta
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Sakulkittiyut, Buntita
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Ngamprasertsith, Somkiat
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Supang, Wirasinee
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Sawangkeaw, Ruengwit
This study investigated the effects of temperature and pressure on the yield and volatile compound contents of black cumin seed oil (BCO) extracted from black cumin seeds using supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO<inf>2</inf>). The solubility of BCO in SCCO<inf>2</inf> increased 2.5-fold as the pressure increased by 10 MPa. Major volatile compounds in BCO were identified using a static headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SH–GC–MS). Evidence indicated the main volatile components in SCCO<inf>2</inf>-extracted BCO to be hexanal, p-cymene, and thymoquinone. BCO extracted from China-cultivated black cumin seed contained similar amounts of p-cymene and thymoquinone. This black cumin seed is classified as the cymene/thymoquinone chemotype and is also found in Indian, Iranian, and Algerian black cumin seeds. Thymoquinone contents in BCO were more sensitive to the extraction temperature than hexanal and p-cymene contents. The maximum oil yield of 36.28 ± 1.38 wt%, with approximately 2.0 mg of thymoquinone per milliliter of oil, was obtained at extraction temperatures of 50°C and pressures of 30 MPa. A SH–GC–MS could detect small molecules in black cumin seed oil such as hexanal. The results of this work reveal that temperature has more impact on the selectivity of volatile compounds than pressure in supercritical carbon dioxide extraction.
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Biodiesel Production from Spent Coffee Grounds by Using Ethanolic Extraction and Supercritical Transesterification
(2024-12-01)
Supang, Wirasinee
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Ngamprasertsith, Somkiat
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Sakdasri, Winatta
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Sawangkeaw, Ruengwit
This work presents a way to use ethanol and spent coffee grounds (SCG) as feedstocks for biodiesel production to solve ethanol overproduction in Thailand and biodiesel feedstock shortage problems together. Waste coffee oil (SCGO) was ethanolic extracted from SCG; then, ethanol-SCGO mixture was transesterified in supercritical condition without ethanol removal. The ethanolic extraction curves of SCG at a temperature range of 50–70 °C were constructed. Transesterification experiments were studied in a batch reactor and a continuous reactor at various temperatures (275–350 °C) and reaction time (5–40 min) under 15.0 MPa. The molar ratio of ethanol-oil mixture was set at 30:1. The highest ester content of 88.37 ± 3.00 wt% was found in biodiesel obtained at a temperature of 275 °C and a reaction time of 40 min in a batch reactor. Furthermore, excess temperature (< 300 °C) and reaction time (< 20 min) induced thermal degradation and promoted the loss of ethyl linoleate. For continuous reactor, the maximum ester content of 83.38 ± 5.86 wt% was observed at 325 °C and 29.4 min of residence time. Unlike in batch reactors, thermal degradation of ethyl linoleate was not observed in a continuous reactor. The results showed that ethanolic extraction and supercritical transesterification are alternative ways to produce biodiesel from SCG without removing extractant and using catalyst. From a prospective point of view, techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life-cycle assessment (LCA) of invented process should be conducted to ensure profitability and environmental benefits, respectively. Graphical Abstract: (Figure presented.)
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Effects of Defatting Pretreatment on Polysaccharide Extraction from Rambutan Seeds Using Subcritical Water: Optimization Using the Desirability Approach
(2024-07-01)
Nilmat, Kamonthip
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Hunsub, Panusorn
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Ngamprasertsith, Somkiat
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Sakdasri, Winatta
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Karnchanatat, Aphichart
Rambutan seeds are by-products generated from fruit-processing factories; the leftover seeds are buried in landfills, generating methane emissions. This work aimed to extract polysaccharides (POLS) from rambutan seeds by using subcritical water extraction (SWE). The effects of defatting pretreatment and operating parameters in SWE were investigated using a Box–Behnken design. The results show that defatting pretreatment significantly enriched the POLS yield, while it had no significant effect on the total sugar content. Using the desirability approach, the suitable feedstock for SWE was defatted rambutan seeds. The maximum desirability of 0.86 was found at a temperature range of 145–150 °C, an extraction time of 15 min, and a liquid–solid ratio of 10:1. The POLS yield and total sugar content were in the range of 52.33–55.63 g/100 g feedstock and 83.37–87.45 g/100 g POLS, respectively. The extracted POLS had an equivalent molecular weight of 413.70 kDa that could be used as an extender in plant-based products. In conclusion, the defatting pretreatment of rambutan seeds not only improved the POLS yield obtained via SWE but also generated additional lipids that could be utilized as an unconventional source of specialty fat.

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