KMITL

Permanent URI for this communityhttps://dspace.kmitl.ac.th/handle/123456789/1

Browse

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 10 of 15

Some of the metrics are blocked by your
consent settings
Sustainable Synthesis of Calcium Propionate from Cockle Shell Biowaste for Food Additive Production
(2026-06-01)
Seangarun, Chaowared
;
Boonchom, Banjong
;
Seesanong, Somkiat
;
Boonmee, Wimonmat
;
Punthipayanon, Sirichet
Calcium propionate (Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>CH<inf>2</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>) was successfully synthesized from cockle shell biowaste through a reaction with propionic acid at concentrations of 80%, 90%, and 99%, valorizing seafood processing biowaste as a renewable calcium source in support of circular economy principles. The synthesis was conducted at ambient temperature with a fixed CaCO<inf>3</inf>: propionic acid molar ratio of 1:2, enabling rapid reaction completion without external heating or complex purification steps. The prepared samples were characterized by FTIR, XRD, TGA, and SEM techniques, which confirmed the formation of calcium propionate monohydrate (Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>CH<inf>2</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O), while XRF confirmed more than 97 wt% CaO across all samples with non-toxic impurities corresponding to compositional requirements for food additive calcium propionate (E282). The sample prepared using 80% propionic acid exhibited the highest yield (90.24%) and soluble percentage (98.23%). The proposed approach demonstrates an effective valorization of cockle shell waste into a food additive, calcium propionate, offering advantages in terms of sustainability, cost efficiency, and scalability, and highlighting its strong potential for industrial food additive production within a circular economy framework.
Some of the metrics are blocked by your
consent settings
Sustainable Production of Chitosan from Mussel Shells with Upcycling of Demineralization Effluent into Calcium Formate
(2026-05-01)
Seangarun, Chaowared
;
Boonchom, Banjong
;
Seesanong, Somkiat
;
Boonmee, Wimonmat
;
Punthipayanon, Sirichet
This study proposes a sustainable, integrated biorefinery approach to valorize mussel shell waste into high-value products, including chitin, chitosan, and calcium formate. Formic acid was employed as an effective demineralizing agent, enabling not only efficient mineral removal but also the direct conversion of the demineralization effluent into value-added calcium formate. The sequential extraction processes, demineralization, deproteinization, and decolorization, successfully yielded purified chitin (PCH), which was subsequently deacetylated to produce chitosan (CTS) with a degree of deacetylation of 85% and a molecular weight of 75 kDa. The physicochemical properties of all products were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR and XRD analyses confirmed the successful extraction of chitin and chitosan, demonstrating the feasibility of mussel shells as an alternative biopolymer source. In parallel, calcium formate (CCF) was obtained from the demineralization effluent with a yield of 94.19%, and its formation was verified by FTIR and XRD. Elemental analysis by XRF exhibited 98.3% CaO with minimal non-toxic impurities. The TGA/DTG profiles of CCF exhibited a well-defined two-step thermal decomposition, confirming its anhydrous form. Overall, this environmentally benign process enables the simultaneous production of multiple value-added products while significantly improving resource utilization and reducing waste generation. The proposed integrated biorefinery model offers a promising, economically viable pathway for marine biomass valorization, aligned with the Bio-Circular-Green (BCG) economy concept.
Some of the metrics are blocked by your
consent settings
Low-Cost and Rapid Production of Calcium Formate from Cockle Shell Waste for Sustainable Waste Recycling
(2026-04-01)
Seangarun, Chaowared
;
Boonchom, Banjong
;
Seesanong, Somkiat
;
Boonmee, Wimonmat
;
Punthipayanon, Sirichet
Calcium formate (Ca(HCOO)<inf>2</inf>) is an important industrial chemical widely used in construction, feed additives, and various chemical processes. In this work, calcium formate was synthesized from cockle shell waste and concentrated formic acid (50%, 60%, and 70% w/w) by a simple, rapid, low-cost, and environmentally friendly process, denoted as CF50, CF60, and CF70, respectively. The chemical and physical properties of as-synthesized calcium formate using cockle shells as a renewable calcium source were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The FTIR and XRD results revealed that the samples prepared using 50% and 60% formic acid produced well-crystallized α-calcium formate. In contrast, the reaction using 70% formic acid generated a strongly exothermic reaction, which hindered the complete conversion of calcium carbonate and resulted in the presence of residual CaCO<inf>3</inf> in the final product. Similarly, the SEM images of the CF50 and CF60 samples show the slick surface of orthorhombic crystals of calcium formate; on the other hand, the SEM image of CF70 shows some small particles of aragonite on the surface of the calcium formate crystals. The 60% formic acid provided the optimal synthesis condition, yielding pure calcium formate with the shortest synthesis time. Overall, the proposed approach provides a simple, rapid, and cost-effective route for producing calcium formate from shell waste. Furthermore, the utilization of cockle shell waste as a renewable calcium source contributes to waste valorization, reduces environmental impacts associated with shell disposal, and minimizes dependence on mined limestone resources, supporting sustainable resource utilization within a circular economy.
Some of the metrics are blocked by your
consent settings
Valorization of Mussel Shell Waste to Chitin, Chitosan, and Calcium Lactate for Bio-Green-Circular Management
(2026-04-01)
Seangarun, Chaowared
;
Seesanong, Somkiat
;
Boonchom, Banjong
;
Boonmee, Wimonmat
;
Punthipayanon, Sirichet
This study presents a green bio-upcycling strategy for converting mussel shell biowaste into three value-added products: chitin, chitosan, and calcium lactate. Mussel shells were treated chemically with lactic acid during demineralization, yielding a solid fraction rich in chitin and a liquid fraction containing calcium and lactate ions. The solid fraction was sequentially purified by deproteinization and decolorization, then deacetylated to obtain chitosan, while the liquid fraction was evaporated to obtain calcium lactate. Notably, 2.37 g of raw chitin, 2.15 g of purified chitin, and 275.87 g of calcium lactate were obtained from 100 g of mussel shells, demonstrating the efficiency of the process. FTIR spectra revealed characteristic absorption bands corresponding to α-chitin and chitosan functional groups, while XRD patterns indicated the crystalline α-chitin structure and the formation of calcium lactate pentahydrate. TGA demonstrated the high thermal stability of chitin and chitosan and confirmed the presence of crystallization water in calcium lactate. In conclusion, these results confirmed the successful preparation of α-chitin, chitosan, and calcium lactate pentahydrate, with improved purity compared to previous studies. This approach highlights the potential of the green bio-upcycling process of mussel shell waste as a renewable source for the eco-friendly production of biopolymers and calcium salts, supporting sustainable waste management and the development of the Bio-Circular-Green (BCG) economy.
Some of the metrics are blocked by your
consent settings
Extraction of Chitin, Chitosan, and Calcium Acetate from Mussel Shells for Sustainable Waste Management
(2025-08-01)
Seangarun, Chaowared
;
Seesanong, Somkiat
;
Boonchom, Banjong
;
Laohavisuti, Nongnuch
;
Rungrojchaipon, Pesak
In this paper, mussel shells were used to produce chitin, chitosan, and calcium acetate using chemical processes, searching for an alternative environmentally friendly biopolymer and calcium source. Mussel shells were treated with acetic acid as a demineralizing agent, resulting in separate solid fractions and calcium solution. The solid was further purified to produce chitin by deproteinization and decolorization processes, and then the deacetylation process was used to obtain chitosan. The calcium solution was evaporated to produce calcium acetate powder. The yields of extracted chitin, chitosan, and calcium acetate from 100 g of mussel shells were 2.98, 2.70, and 165.23 g, respectively. The prepared chitin, chitosan, and calcium acetate were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) to confirm the chemical and physical properties. The analysis results of chitin and chitosan revealed the similarity to chitosan derived from crustaceans and insects in terms of functional group, structure and morphologies. The prepared calcium acetate shows FTIR and XRD data corresponding to calcium acetate monohydrate (Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O) similar to synthesized calcium acetate in previous research. In addition, the mineral contents of calcium acetate identified by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis exhibit 97.8% CaO with non-toxic impurities. This work demonstrated the potential of the production process of chitin, chitosan, and calcium acetate for the development of a sustainable industrial process with competitive functional performance against the commercial chitin and chitosan production process using crustacean shells and supported the implementation of a circular economy.
Some of the metrics are blocked by your
consent settings
Effect of Citric Acid Concentration on the Transformation of Aragonite CaCO3 to Calcium Citrate Using Cockle Shells as a Green Calcium Source
(2025-05-01)
Chanwetprasat, Pantita
;
Seangarun, Chaowared
;
Seesanong, Somkiat
;
Boonchom, Banjong
;
Laohavisuti, Nongnuch
Aragonite calcium carbonate (CaCO<inf>3</inf>), derived from cockle shell waste, was successfully used as a renewable calcium source to synthesize calcium citrate (CCT) using citric acid (C<inf>6</inf>H<inf>8</inf>O<inf>7</inf>). The three CCT products (CCT-2, CCT-3, and CCT-4) were prepared using three different acid concentrations: 2, 3, and 4 M. The physicochemical characteristics of the newly synthesized CCT were investigated. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra revealed the vibrational modes of the citrate anionic group (C<inf>6</inf>H<inf>5</inf>O<inf>7</inf><sup>3−</sup>), which preliminarily confirmed the characteristics of CCT. However, X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that the concentration of citric acid altered the structural property and the chemical formula of the synthesized CCT. Employing 2 M citric acid, a pure tetra-hydrated phase (Ca<inf>3</inf>(C<inf>6</inf>H<inf>5</inf>O<inf>7</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·4H<inf>2</inf>O, earlandite mineral) was obtained. However, a mixture of hydrated (Ca<inf>3</inf>(C<inf>6</inf>H<inf>5</inf>O<inf>7</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·4H<inf>2</inf>O) and anhydrous (Ca<inf>3</inf>(C<inf>6</inf>H<inf>5</inf>O<inf>7</inf>)<inf>2</inf>) phases was precipitated when 3 and 4 M citric acid was used in the preparation process. The lower mass loss observed in the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of CCT-3 and CCT-4 compared to that of CCT-2 further confirmed that CCT-3 and CCT-4 were composed of hydrated and anhydrous CCTs. The synthesized CCT decomposed in four major processes: the first dehydration, the second dehydration, CaCO<inf>3</inf> formation, and decarbonization, generating calcium oxide (CaO) as the final product. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) results showed that the CCT mainly consisted of CaO with a quantity of >98%. The scanning electron microscopic (SEM) image revealed the irregular plate-like CCT crystallites. The concentration of citric acid is a key factor that influences the productive parameters of CCT, including production yield, reaction time, and solubility. 2 M citric acid provided the optimal balance between productivity and cost-effectiveness, with the highest yield and soluble fraction and the lowest reaction time. The results suggest that the preparation of CCT from cockle shell waste can potentially replace the use of commercial calcite from mining, which is a limited and non-renewable resource.
Some of the metrics are blocked by your
consent settings
Upcycling bivalve mollusk shell wastes into triple super-, mono-and di-calcium phosphates for fertilizers and mineral animal feed
(2025-02-01)
Laohavisuti, Nongnuch
;
Seangarun, Chaowared
;
Boonchom, Banjong
;
Rungrojchaipon, Pesak
;
Boonmee, Wimonmat
To reduce and utilize many mollusk shell wastes, they can be transferred to calcium carbonate (CaCO<inf>3</inf>) powders by mechanical grinding and then the obtained powders can be upcycled into various calcium phosphates. Triple super-, mono-and di-calcium phosphates were prepared by rapidly simple, cheap, and environmentally friendly processes using bivalve mollusk shell wastes. Triple superphosphate (TSP) powder was obtained by a reaction between phosphoric acid and mollusk shell-derived CaCO<inf>3</inf> powder and then was dissolved with water to classify non-soluble and soluble fractions by filtration. Non-soluble fraction was dried to obtain a gray-white powder of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (CaHPO<inf>4</inf>·2 H<inf>2</inf>O). The self-evaporating process recrystallized the solution fraction to get a white powder of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (Ca(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O). All synthesized calcium phosphate samples were characterized and confirmed by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermal analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetric analysis (DTA) were conducted to evaluate phase stability and thermal behavior. The analyses revealed the crucial influence of temperature on phase transitions and stability, providing insights into decomposition patterns and confirming phase purity. All the calcium phosphates were found to be highly purified and phosphorus-rich, making them effective for use in fertilizers and mineral animal feed. Additionally, the green and low-cost preparation of three calcium phosphates proposed in this research will be valuable for reducing waste mollusk shells by reforming them into value-added chemical products that point out the viewpoint of a zero-waste operation for obtaining sustainable development of an effective waste management and recycling technique.
Some of the metrics are blocked by your
consent settings
Cockle-shell biowaste as a low-cost renewable source for synthesis of calcium acetate monohydrate as a precursor of quasi-amorphous calcium pyrophosphate hydrate
(2025-01-01)
Thompho, Somphob
;
Laohavisuti, Nongnuch
;
Seangarun, Chaowared
;
Boonchom, Banjong
;
Rungrojchaipon, Pesak
Calcium-rich seashell wastes can be used as renewable materials to prepare value-added compounds. This work proposed an eco-environmental preparation of calcium pyrophosphate by using cockle-shell biowaste as a low-cost renewable calcium source for the first time. Cockle shell was first ground, obtaining calcium carbonate (CaCO<inf>3</inf>) powders, which were then used as the renewable material to synthesize calcium acetate monohydrate (Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O) via acetic acid reaction. After that, cockle-derived calcium acetate monohydrate was subsequently prepared as a solution to synthesize calcium pyrophosphate (Ca<inf>2</inf>P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf>·xH<inf>2</inf>O) via a simple precipitation process with tetrasodium pyrophosphate decahydrate (Na<inf>4</inf>P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf>·10H<inf>2</inf>O). The physicochemical characteristics of the synthesized calcium acetate precursor and its calcium pyrophosphate product were investigated by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. The characterization results demonstrate that cockle shell powder (CaCO<inf>3</inf>) is a potentially renewable source for the preparation of triclinic calcium acetate with the chemical formula of Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O, which was further used as the precursor to form value-added amorphous calcium pyrophosphate with the chemical formula of Ca<inf>2</inf>P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf>·4H<inf>2</inf>O. This approach not only demonstrates the feasibility of using biogenic Ca-sources for material synthesis but also offers an environmentally friendly process with potential long-term benefits in reducing environmental issues, promoting sustainable chemical production, and increasing value to the underused biowaste.
Some of the metrics are blocked by your
consent settings
Low-Cost and Eco-Friendly Calcium Oxide Prepared via Thermal Decompositions of Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Acetate Precursors Derived from Waste Oyster Shells
(2024-08-01)
Seesanong, Somkiat
;
Seangarun, Chaowared
;
Boonchom, Banjong
;
Laohavisuti, Nongnuch
;
Boonmee, Wimonmat
Waste oyster shells were utilized to produce calcium carbonate (CaCO<inf>3</inf>) by grinding. This CaCO<inf>3</inf> was then reacted with acetic acid to yield calcium acetate monohydrate (Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O). Both CaCO<inf>3</inf> and Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O were used as precursors for synthesizing calcium oxide (CaO) through thermal decomposition at 900 °C and 750 °C, respectively. The yields of CaO from both precursors, determined through calcination experiments and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), exceeded 100% due to the high purity of the raw agents and the formation of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)<inf>2</inf>). X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis revealed a CaO content of 87.8% for CaO-CC and 91.5% for CaO-CA, indicating the purity and contamination levels. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed the presence of CaO and minor peaks of Ca(OH)<inf>2</inf>, attributed to moisture adsorption. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identified the vibrational characteristics of the Ca-O bond. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed similar morphologies for both CaO-CC and CaO-CA, with CaO-CA displaying a significant amount of rod-like crystals. Based on these results, calcium acetate monohydrate (CA) is recommended as the superior precursor for synthesizing high-purity CaO, offering advantages for various applications.
Some of the metrics are blocked by your
consent settings
Sustainable Production and Physicochemical Characteristics of Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate Prepared from Waste Eggshells
(2024-07-01)
Seesanong, Somkiat
;
Seangarun, Chaowared
;
Boonchom, Banjong
;
Laohavisuti, Nongnuch
;
Boonmee, Wimonmat
Gypsum products (calcium sulfate dihydrate, CaSO<inf>4</inf>·2H<inf>2</inf>O) were synthesized through an eco-friendly and low-cost process by two different renewable calcium carbonate sources (CaCO<inf>3</inf>), hen and duck eggshell wastes, with product yields obtained of 84.73 and 87.74%, respectively. The X-ray fluorescence results indicated that calcium oxide (CaO) and sulfur trioxide (SO<inf>3</inf>) are the major elemental components of CaSO<inf>4</inf>·2H<inf>2</inf>O prepared from both calcium sources. The Fourier transform infrared results confirmed the vibrational characteristics of SO<inf>4</inf><sup>2−</sup> and H<inf>2</inf>O functional groups in the chemical structure of the prepared samples. The X-ray diffraction patterns of CaSO<inf>4</inf>·2H<inf>2</inf>O prepared from both calcium sources confirmed the sample’s crystal structure as well as the chemical formula, after comparing them to the standard powder diffraction file. The crystallite sizes of CaSO<inf>4</inf>·2H<inf>2</inf>O products were calculated from the experimental diffraction peak through the Scherrer equation and found to be 19–20 nm. The positive preferential growth (Pg) value highlighted the excellent stability of the synthesized CaSO<inf>4</inf>·2H<inf>2</inf>O. The scanning electron microscopic results showed the agglomeration particles of hen- and duck-CaCO<inf>3</inf> raw agents, whereas plate-like particles were observed for hen- and duck-CaSO<inf>4</inf>·2H<inf>2</inf>O products but the particle sizes were different.

KMITL

Browse

Filters

Settings

Sort By

Results per page

Search Results