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Identifying Water Source Locations on a Data-Limited Small Island Using GIS and the Factor Index Method
(2026-06-01)
Seeboonruang, Uma
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Horpeancharoen, Witthawin
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Sirikaew, Uba
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Tanachaichoksirikun, Pinit
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Chulkaivalsucharit, Virun
This study presents an integrated methodological framework for identifying potential freshwater source locations on data-limited small islands by combining Geographic Information Systems (GIS), the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), and the Factor Index Method. The analytical workflow begins with processing spatial data (topography and land use) in a GIS environment to delineate initial watersheds. These inputs are then coupled with the SWAT model to simulate key hydrological output variables, such as surface runoff and stream network geometry, without requiring extensive historical streamflow data. The simulated outputs are subsequently reintegrated into the GIS environment to derive spatial attributes for each sub-basin. Subsequently, the Factor Index Method is applied to evaluate and rank the sub-basins using five key criteria: watershed area ratio, stream length ratio, slope, land use, and location accessibility. The analysis identified eight optimal sites, with field surveys confirming that four of these locations closely aligned with natural stream networks and existing spring-fed ponds. The results demonstrate that this approach can accurately delineate hydrological features and prioritize monitoring locations without extensive field data. By validating geospatial predictions through ground-truthing, this framework reduces the need for costly and time-consuming fieldwork. It enhances planning precision, supports efficient resource allocation, and can serve as a replicable model for sustainable water resource management on other small islands with similar data constraints.
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Assessing Seepage Behavior and Hydraulic Gradient Conditions in the Lam Phra Phloeng Earth Fill Dam, Thailand
(2026-02-01)
Tanachaichoksirikun, Pinit
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Seeboonruang, Uma
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Sirikaew, Uba
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Horpeancharoen, Witthawin
This study evaluates seepage behavior and hydraulic gradient conditions at the Lam Phra Phloeng Earthfill Dam in Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand, by integrating long-term instrumentation records, updated geotechnical data, and deterministic numerical modeling. Piezometer and observation-well data collected between 2007 and 2023 were screened for reliability, revealing that several sensors exhibited abnormal or non-responsive behavior, limiting direct interpretation of phreatic surface variations in critical zones. Reliable datasets were incorporated into SEEP/W seepage simulations using representative dam cross-sections and soil parameters derived from recent drilling and laboratory testing. The results indicate that under normal reservoir operation, the phreatic surface remains within the core–drainage system and hydraulic gradients are well below estimated critical thresholds for the clayey foundation. Elevated reservoir levels lead to increased pore-water pressures and higher hydraulic gradients, particularly near the downstream zones and the deep central section of the dam. Rapid drawdown produces the most unfavorable hydraulic condition, generating steep transient pore-pressure gradients that approach critical values and reduce hydraulic safety margins. Although no immediate evidence of piping or uncontrolled seepage was identified, malfunctioning instrumentation creates monitoring blind spots that increase uncertainty in real-time seepage assessment. This study demonstrates that hydraulic gradient-based interpretation of deterministic seepage modeling provides a practical screening tool for dam safety evaluation under data-limited conditions. The findings emphasize the importance of enhanced monitoring redundancy and conservative operational control to support risk-informed management of aging earthfill dams under increasing hydrological variability.
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Land Use Classification, Prediction, and the Relationship Between Land Use and Sediment Loss in the Lam Phra Phlong Watershed, Thailand
(2026-02-01)
Seeboonruang, Uma
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Mandadi, Ranadheer
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Thammaboribal, Prapas
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Gonzales, Arlene L.
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Ganni, Satya Venkata Sai Aditya Bharadwaz
This study aims to assess the evolution of land cover in the Lam Phra Phloeng (LPP) watershed and predict future land use patterns. By employing the Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) and several spectral indices, high classification accuracy (>92%) was achieved using the Random Forest (RF) algorithm. Based on classified land use maps from 2003 and 2023, future land use predictions for 2030, and 2050 were generated using the CA-Markov chain model. The predictions suggest a gradual trend toward deforestation and the expansion of croplands, driven by population growth and increased anthropogenic activity in the region. The Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) model, part of the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) suite, was used to simulate soil loss in the LPP watershed. The results indicate minimal soil loss in vegetated areas and significant erosion in regions adjacent to water bodies, primarily due to rainfall erosivity. This research highlights the social, ecological, and economic implications of land use change. Furthermore, best management practices (BMPs) are identified as effective strategies for land restoration and erosion reduction. The study also discusses three widely adopted soil erosion control techniques, providing recommendations for reforestation and erosion mitigation programmes.
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EXPECTED GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT AND WATER SECURITY IN DEFICIT SMALL TOURISM ISLAND
(2026-01-01)
Srisuk, Jutamas
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Tanachaichoksirikun, Pinit
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Sirikaew, Uba
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Seeboonruang, Uma
The lack of freshwater resources on small tourism islands causes a critical issue with direct effects for the quality of life within local communities and the long-term sustainability of tourism activities. This problem is particularly worsened in regions lacking centralized community water supply systems, where groundwater serves as a crucial source of water for domestic consumption. This study aims to assess the feasibility of developing groundwater resources for establishing a community water supply system on small tourism islands. The research employed a mathematical groundwater model using the MODFLOW program to simulate groundwater flow and analyze the zone budget, based on head contour data and land use patterns in the study area. The results revealed that the most suitable location for groundwater development is the lowland community area, which functions as a discharge zone with high potential for groundwater accumulation and circulation. The MODFLOW simulation accurately demonstrated the quantity and flow direction of groundwater, providing valuable insights for planning a sustainable water supply system to enhance long-term water security for small tourism islands.
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RECHARGE ESTIMATION AND SITE IDENTIFICATION FOR MANAGED AQUIFER RECHARGE IN SUPHANBURI, THAILAND USING GIS AND MODFLOW
(2026-01-01)
Tanachaichoksirikun, Pinit
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Sirikaew, Uba
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Seeboonruang, Uma
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Srisuk, Jutamas
This study focuses on groundwater recharge estimation and site identification for Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) in Suphanburi, Thailand, an agriculturally intensive region increasingly affected by floods and droughts. An integrated approach combining Geographic Information Systems (GIS), water balance analysis, and groundwater simulation using Visual MODFLOW was applied to assess recharge potential. Key factors, including land use, slope, and hydrogeology, were analyzed to delineate 5 suitable recharge zones. Field data from 13 observation wells collected between 2014 and 2024 were used to calibrate and validate the groundwater model. The model has high accuracy with R<sup>2</sup> values of 0.983 (Calibration) and 0.992 (Validation), and normalized RMSEs of 5.97% and 5.20%, respectively. The result showed that the highest recharge rates were 343.42 and 320.39 m<sup>3</sup>/day, observed in urban and industrial zones near the Tha Chin River, with capacities sufficient to support over 1,600 people. This research provides a practical and replicable framework for MAR site selection and implementation, supporting data-driven water management strategies in flood and drought-prone regions.
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Integrated Shoreline Dynamics Assessment Using QSCAT and Random Forest Along the Phetchaburi Coastline, Thailand
(2026-01-01)
Seeboonruang, Uma
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Limpakdeeswat, Kanana
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Tanachaichoksirikun, Pinit
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Silarom, Kornvisith
The Phetchaburi coastline faces significant erosion risks, exacerbated by human activities and climate change. This research evaluates shoreline shifts and mangrove cover modifications along the 88.5 km coastline, utilizing the QGIS Shoreline Change Assessment Tool (QSCAT) plugin and Random Forest (RF) classification on Landsat 8-9 OLI/TIRS images from 2017 to 2023. The integration of these methods provides a robust framework for monitoring coastal changes in a data-scarce, microtidal environment. Results indicate a highly dynamic coastline with a maximum erosion distance of -108.71 m and a maximum accretion of +122.95 m. Statistical analysis of 1,766 transects reveals a critical erosion trend, with a maximum erosion rate reaching -38.66 m/year. Overall, 50.74% of the transects experienced erosion, while 48.98% showed accretion. The RF model demonstrated high effectiveness in land use classification, achieving an overall accuracy of 96.50% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.92. Spatiotemporal analysis reveals a strong link between mangrove degradation and increased erosion zones, emphasizing the protective function of vegetation. These findings provide essential quantitative benchmarks for developing targeted coastal management and restoration strategies in the Gulf of Thailand.
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Estimation of Soil Erosion and Enhancing Sediment Retention in the Lam Phra Phloeng Watershed: Insights from RUSLE and InVEST Modelling
(2025-12-01)
Seeboonruang, Uma
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Mandadi, Ranadheer
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Thammaboribal, Prapas
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Gonzales, Arlene L.
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Bharadwaz, Ganni S.V.S.A.
The increasing rate of land use change, particularly deforestation and agricultural expansion, has intensified soil degradation, leading to reduced sediment retention and accelerated soil erosion. This study aims to analyze soil erosion and sediment retention in the Lam Phra Phloeng (LPP) watershed, Thailand, using a coupled modelling approach integrating the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and the Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) model from the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) suite. Six land use classes (forest, cropland, rangeland, flooded vegetation, built-up areas, and water bodies) were identified using Sentinel-2 MSI satellite data, with a Random Forest (RF) classification algorithm achieving an overall accuracy of 91.3% (Kappa coefficient = 0.89). The results indicate that forested areas exhibit the highest sediment retention, whereas croplands and rangelands experience the most significant soil loss due to erosion. The RUSLE model estimated an average annual soil loss ranging between 50 and 90 tons/ha/year, with the highest erosion rates observed in agricultural lands with steep slopes and minimal vegetation cover. The InVEST SDR model further corroborates these findings, showing that sediment retention is predominantly concentrated in densely vegetated areas, reinforcing the crucial role of natural forests in preventing soil displacement. This complementary modelling approach identifies priority areas for soil conservation practices. This study is the first study to integrate the RUSLE and InVEST models for the Lam Phra Phloeng watershed, providing a coupled assessment of erosion risk and sediment retention capacity and offering a novel and transferable framework for watershed-scale conservation planning and soil management in tropical monsoonal environments.
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Assessing the Combined Impacts of Future Climate and Land Use Changes on Soil Loss and Sediment Retention in the Lam Phra Phloeng Watershed, Thailand
(2025-12-01)
Seeboonruang, Uma
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Mandadi, Ranadheer
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Thammaboribal, Prapas
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Gonzales, Arlene L.
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Kanchan, Arun
Soil erosion is a significant challenge to the environment, ecology, and economy, and areas that undergo fast land use change and climate change are the most affected. This research evaluates the effects that climate change and Land-Use/Land-Cover (LULC) change have, separately and together, on soil loss and sediment retention in the Lam Phra Phloeng (LPP) watershed, Thailand. The InVEST Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) model was applied under the Shared from Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5), using projected LULC for 2050 and 2100. The Cellular Automata–Markov (CA–Markov) model has been utilized to generate future land use/land cover (LULC) scenarios demonstrating how land changes over spatial and temporal scale. Results show a marked decline in sediment retention and a rise in soil loss, especially under high-emission scenarios and cropland expansion. By 2100, cropland soil loss increased by 57.35%, while forest cover—a key determinant of sediment retention—declined from 45.41% in 2020 to 22.19%. When climate and land-use changes are considered together, they have a much greater effect on sediment loss, especially in cropland and built-up areas. These results highlight the vital role that forest conservation and adaptive land management, e.g., afforestation and sustainable agriculture, play in ensuring the continued availability of clean water in watersheds and in erosion control. The research provides policy-makers with real-life scenarios to draw on when sketching integrated watershed management plans aimed at reducing the negative effects of land use and climate change on soil stability and water resources in the LPP watershed.
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Design and Implementation of a Hybrid Real-Time Salinity Intrusion Monitoring and Early Warning System for Bang Kachao, Thailand
(2025-07-01)
Seeboonruang, Uma
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Tanachaichoksirikun, Pinit
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Anuwongpinit, Thanavit
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Sirikaew, Uba
Salinity intrusion is a growing threat to freshwater resources, particularly in low-lying coastal and estuarine regions, necessitating the development of effective early warning systems (EWS) to support timely mitigation. Although various water quality monitoring technologies exist, many face challenges related to long-term sustainability, ongoing maintenance, and accessibility for local users. This study introduces a novel hybrid real-time salinity intrusion early warning system that uniquely integrates fixed and portable monitoring technologies with strong community participation—an approach not yet widely applied in comparable urban-adjacent delta regions. Unlike traditional systems, this model emphasizes local ownership, flexible data collection, and system scalability in resource-constrained environments. This study presents a real-time salinity intrusion early warning system for Bang Kachao, Thailand, combining eight fixed monitoring stations and 20 portable salinity measurement devices. The system was developed in response to community needs, with local input guiding both station placement and the design of mobile measurement tools. By integrating fixed stations for continuous, high-resolution data collection with portable devices for flexible, on-demand monitoring, the system achieves comprehensive spatial coverage and adaptability. A core innovation lies in its emphasis on community participation, enabling villagers to actively engage in monitoring and decision-making. The use of IoT-based sensors, Remote Telemetry Units (RTUs), and cloud-based data platforms further enhances system reliability, efficiency, and accessibility. Automated alerts are issued when salinity thresholds are exceeded, supporting timely interventions. Field deployment and testing over a seven-month period confirmed the system’s effectiveness, with fixed stations achieving 90.5% accuracy and portable devices 88.7% accuracy in detecting salinity intrusions. These results underscore the feasibility and value of a hybrid, community-driven monitoring approach for protecting freshwater resources and building local resilience in vulnerable regions.
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FLOOD AND DROUGHT PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT IN THE BANG PAKONG RIVER BASIN USING THE WEIGHED FACTOR INDEX METHOD
(2025-01-01)
Tanachaichoksirikun, Pinit
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Jiao, Jinghan
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Sirikaew, Uba
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Seeboonruang, Uma
This research is dedicated to forecasting flood and drought assessment in the Bang Pakong River Basin through a weighted factor index method. The study employed geographic information systems to prioritize and create hazard maps. The maps integrated both natural elements, for example, average annual rainfall, temperature, terrain slope, and forest area, as well as human-made elements such as land use, water body, and irrigation area. The Gumbel distribution method was used to generate the future rainfall and temperature. The study predicts future flood and drought assessment areas based on maximum average precipitation and temperature. The findings reveal a distributed spectrum of risk levels, ranging from no risk to very high risk. Currently, moderate risks of floods and droughts exist in certain areas. However, projections indicate a significant increase in flood-prone regions over 5-year, 10-year, and 15-year return periods, attributed to escalating average rainfall. Conversely, while drought-prone areas encompass approximately 27.5% of the watershed, there is a notable rise in high-risk zones alongside a decrease in moderate-risk areas due to rising temperatures. These insights underscore the imperative of proactive interventions to address the escalating threats posed by floods and droughts in the Bang Pakong River Basin.

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