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Feasibility assessment of porous granules from lateritic soil and sawdust as partial cement replacement under seawater immersion
(2026-06-01)
Chaiyaput, Salisa
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Sertsoongnern, Pimchanok
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Nguyen, Trong Nghia
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Mase, Lindung Zalbuin
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Ayawanna, Jiratchaya
This study developed porous granules from lateritic soil and sawdust as an innovative approach to valorizing waste for use as a partial cement replacement. The study focused on two aspects: first, identifying suitable composition ratios and chemical agents for producing porous granules, and second, evaluating the feasibility of using granules in a cement-granule paste or as a partial cement replacement to achieve sufficient strength under seawater immersion. The findings showed that the optimal granule composition consisted of 70 wt% lateritic soil, 30 wt% sawdust, and 0.50 wt% sodium silicate, producing granules with a maximum porosity of 34% and a pore structure characterized by isolated (closed) internal pores, as indicated by qualitative observations of 3D tomographic images. When incorporated into cement paste at 20 wt% replacement with a size range of 1–2.36 mm, compressive strengths of 31–36 MPa were achieved after 7 days, meeting the standard requirements. The relationship between pore volume, granule size, and compressive strength was non-linear. Under seawater curing, samples with a 20 wt% replacement maintained strength comparable to plastic-wrapped samples, indicating stable mechanical performance during seawater immersion. These results present the feasibility of using lateritic soil-sawdust porous granules as a partial cement replacement under seawater immersion, using a simplified laboratory assessment rather than direct simulation of real marine environments. However, transport-related durability properties, such as permeability, water absorption, and ion ingress (e.g., chloride, sulfate, and magnesium ions), were not evaluated. Therefore, durability-related interpretations remain preliminary and require further validation.
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Optimizing sustainable cement replacement using ceramic tile waste: Enhanced strength and microstructural performance
(2026-03-01)
Chaiyaput, Salisa
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Sertsoongnern, Pimchanok
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Sukkatorn, Paratee
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Mase, Lindung Zalbuin
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Ayawanna, Jiratchaya
The increasing demand for cement in the construction industry has intensified the depletion of natural resources and accelerated environmental impacts associated with cement production, including high CO<inf>2</inf> emissions. Simultaneously, the ceramic tile manufacturing process generates substantial amounts of waste, particularly sludge waste and rectified tile waste, which are typically discarded despite their high silica and alumina contents. This study examines the potential of utilizing ceramic tile waste as a partial replacement for cement in mortar formulations, promoting sustainable material use. XRF and XRD analyses revealed substantial SiO<inf>2</inf> concentrations in both waste types, indicating suitability for pozzolanic reactions. Mortar samples containing varied amounts of tile waste were examined for physical properties, compressive strength, and microstructural characteristics. The replacement of 50 % of cement with rectified tile waste significantly enhanced long-term strength, surpassing that of the 100 % cement control at 28 days, due to improved pozzolanic activity and a denser microstructure. Conversely, the replacement of sludge waste led to reduced strength due to higher porosity and weaker hydration. Further investigation of rectified tile waste at replacement levels of 30-70 % confirmed that 50 % substitution provides the optimum balance between strength performance and material sustainability. Microstructural analysis with SEM confirmed these findings, revealing well-formed C-S-H and reduced pore spaces at the optimal replacement ratio. Overall, rectified tile waste demonstrates strong potential as a sustainable cement replacement material, offering reductions in cement consumption, CO<inf>2</inf> emissions, and ceramic waste disposal while maintaining or improving mechanical performance.
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Utilization of asphalt waste Dust and fly ash for sustainable mortar
(2025-01-23)
Ayawanna, Jiratchaya
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Kingnoi, Namthip
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Sertsoongnern, Pimchanok
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Chaiyaput, Salisa
This study presents a utilization of asphalt waste dust (AD) as a filler material to replace sand in a mortar. Moreover, fly ash (FA) is utilized as an additive of pozzolanic material. The compressive strength and microstructures were investigated to propose the suitable ratio of AD and FA for sustainable mortar. All samples were fixed with a mixing ratio of ordinary Portland cement (CM): sand (Si) at 1: 2.75. The Si was replaced by AD content at 0, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100% by weight (%wt) of Si, respectively. Furthermore, the FA was added to the suitable mixing conditions of CM, AD, and Si, which is called the suitable mortar containing AD, at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 %wt. The results from the compressive strength test were evaluated and compared under the different curing times for 3, 7, and 28 days in saturated limewater. The microstructures of testing samples were analyzed using different characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). From the results, the mortar containing AD showed higher compressive strength than those without AD. After the addition of FA and AD, the compressive strength was more increased rather than using AD without FA. Sand can be replaced with AD as filler aggregates to reduce voids in the mortar. Additionally, FA can be used as a pozzolanic additive in mortars. Therefore, those two waste materials (AD and FA) are alternative materials suitable for use in the development of compressive strength in mortar.
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Performance evaluation of developed mixed cement containing asphalt waste dust and class-C fly ash in sulfate salt solution test
(2024-12-01)
Sertsoongnern, Pimchanok
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Ayawanna, Jiratchaya
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Chaiyaput, Salisa
The performance of newly developed cement mixes comprising asphalt waste dust and fly ash for construction in areas with high sulfate salt content was evaluated in this study. In comparison to 100% Ordinary Portland cement Type 1 (OPC), mixes of 50 wt% OPC with 20 wt% asphalt waste dust and 30 wt% fly ash, as well as 50 wt% OPC with 50 wt% fly ash, were tested over a 30- and 90-day comparative study in magnesium sulfate solution, respectively. The compressive strength, weight change, and expansion of mixed cement samples are investigated through chemical, phase, and microstructural studies. The replacement of 50% OPC with fly ash and asphalt waste dust prevented the samples from expanding and cracking in the sulfate salt solution during the 90-day test period. By using fly ash at less than 50 wt% in combination with asphalt waste dust, a dense microstructure was obtained, inhibiting the formation of the harmful magnesium silicate hydrate phase and the degradation of strength in the mixed cement samples.
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The use of asphalt waste dust for stabilization of sustainable pavement recycling
(2024-10-04)
Ayawanna, Jiratchaya
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Suksawat, Taweephong
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Sertsoongnern, Pimchanok
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Chaiyaput, Salisa
The asphalt waste dust as a sustainable material for stabilizing pavement recycling, which is cold in-place recycling (consists of reclaimed asphalt pavement, crushed rock aggregate base, and ordinary Portland cement), was presented in this study. To understand the effect of asphalt waste dust on stabilizing pavement recycling, 10–30 wt% asphalt waste dust was added and compared with the behavior of pure old-asphalt pavement material and old-asphalt pavement material mixed with 3.5 % OPC. The compaction test, unconfined compressive strength test (UCS), indirect tensile strength tests (IDT), and scanning electron microscope analysis were conducted under various mixing conditions. The addition of asphalt waste dust up to 20 wt% achieved desirable results of UCS and IDT involved with microstructural development, which were beyond the standard requirements of the base course from the Department of Rural Roads and the Department of Highway. A maximum of 20 wt% asphalt waste dust can be utilized for practical use with pavement recycling in the base course.
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Utilization of asphalt waste dust with fly ash in mixed cement materials for sustainable construction
(2024-10-01)
Sertsoongnern, Pimchanok
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Ayawanna, Jiratchaya
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Kingnoi, Namthip
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Chaiyaput, Salisa
The production of asphalt concrete generates asphalt waste dust particles that harm the environment. In this study, asphalt waste dust and fly ash were combined in different ratios to serve as cement replacement material. With replacement ratios of 20–30 wt% asphalt waste dust with fly ash, the maximum strength of a mixed-cement sample meets the industrial requirement after 7 days of curing. Compared to a cement concrete sample, a higher strength than the industrial requirement was achieved after prolonged curing under plastic wrap. This curing condition allows the retention of Ca<sup>2+</sup> ions and moisture, contributing to the hydration and pozzolanic reactions in the mixed-cement sample. The strengthened microstructure with the C–S–H phase was clearly seen, while Ca(OH)<inf>2</inf> disappeared in the mixed-cement sample. This finding indicates that upcycled asphalt waste dust in a cement-based material is a potential method for utilizing asphalt waste dust in the construction sector.
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Utilization of Waste Dust from Asphalt Concrete Manufacturing as a Sustainable Subbase Course Material in Pavement Structures
(2022-08-01)
Chaiyaput, Salisa
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Sertsoongnern, Pimchanok
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Ayawanna, Jiratchaya
High calcium waste dust from asphalt concrete manufacturing was utilized to stabilize low-quality lateritic soil as a subbase course material in road structures. Asphalt waste dust up to 30 percent by weight (wt%) was incorporated into the solely lateritic soil and the mixture of lateritic soil containing 5 wt% Portland cement. The asphalt waste dust was successfully used as a subbase course material in road structures according to the standard specifications of pavement materials issued by the Thailand Department of Highways. The minimum 20 wt% asphalt waste dust induced a sufficiently high California bearing ratio, optimized plastic index, liquid limit, and swelling index of soil above the minimum standard requirements for a subbase course material. The fine particles of asphalt waste dust showed filler-like properties to reduce the voids and generated a very dense surface in the stabilized lateritic soil samples. With the small content of cement mixes, a decrease in the calcite phase in the soil stabilized with asphalt waste dust indicated a partial promotion of CaCO<inf>3</inf> from the asphalt waste dust in the cement hydration reaction. The very high strength (CBR > 250%) of these stabilized soil samples approached the standard for base course material (CBR ≥ 80%), which was beyond the expectation for the subbase material (CBR ≥ 25%). Thus, recycling-waste dust from asphalt concrete manufacturing can be used as an effectively sustainable subbase course and base course materials in further generation for road construction purposes.

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