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Generation Z agriculture: Technological innovations driving sustainable plant production
(2026-07-01)
Sridhar, Dharman
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Al-Zahrani, Samiyah S.
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Sathya, Chinnadurai
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Devi, Eswaran Sakthi Uma
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Soytong, Kasem
Plants are essential biotic components of Earth that sustain life by producing food, regulating the environment, and transferring energy within ecosystems. Over the past decade, substantial progress in plant science and agricultural technology has transformed traditional agricultural systems, increasing agricultural productivity, improving resource-use efficiency, and promoting sustainable practices. Innovations in machinery, seed improvement, irrigation management, and fertilizer optimization have significantly enhanced crop yields and land-use efficiency over the past five decades. Agriculture is gradually adopting new technologies (robotics, stack-gene technology, three-dimensional bioprinting, and global positioning system–enabled precision farming) to increase productivity while reducing environmental impacts and addressing labor shortages. Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, CRISPR/Cas9 (where CRISPR and Cas9 denote clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9, respectively) gene editing, nano-bionics, vertical farming, and farming in space have the potential to maximize resource use, improve resilience to climate change, and ensure the continued sustainability of food production. This review examines current technological trends in agriculture and plant sciences, emphasizing their contributions to agricultural productivity, environmental sustainability, and the socioeconomic well-being of farmers. It also examines how these technologies could be used to address future global food security and environmental sustainability challenges.
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Streptomyces sp. Mitigates Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses and Stimulates Plant Development
(2026-01-01)
Haggag, Wafaa Mohamed
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Gopikrishnan, Venugopal
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Soytong, Kasem
The increasing need of the population for food in limited agricultural land makes it necessary to increase crop production in an environmentally friendly manner. Approximately 20–40% of economic losses in agriculture are attributed to plant pathogens, which include biotic stressors such as fungal and bacterial infections, pests, weeds, and other agents that cause a variety of crop disorders. Abiotic stressors, such as high temperatures, drought, metal poisoning, and soil salinity, are severe constraints on crop productivity. Despite their high effectiveness and ease of use, agrochemicals pose a threat to the environment. A microbial consortium exists in the root zone, and this consortium of microorganisms can resist the impacts of biotic and environmental stresses on plants, resulting in sustainable agricultural productivity. To achieve sustainable crop productivity, rhizosphere and plant periphyton engineering, the best technology for enhancing crop production, requires the identification of a variety of microorganisms with different potentials. Beneficial microorganisms known as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria reside close to plant roots and increase plant development. The gram-positive bacterium Streptomyces sp., often known as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, can increase plant development and resistance to adverse climatic conditions. Streptomyces sp. is renowned for its ability to produce a wide range of antimicrobials, as well as a large number of secondary and physiologically active metabolites. These metabolites are necessary for plants to withstand environmental stresses and can also function as biological pesticides by triggering plant defense mechanisms against pathogen invasion. Furthermore, they have a strong ability to increase plant development. To reduce the negative effects of biotic and environmental pressures, as well as climate change, this study proposes novel applications of beneficial Streptomyces and their active second-generation metabolites in agriculture.
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Chaetomium: Goldmine for Sustainable Agriculture
(2026-01-01)
Soytong, Kasem
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Song, Jiaojiao
Chaetomium species are saprophytic fungi that are valuable resources for sustainable agriculture. It is found all over the world because it is durable and survives in living organisms in different climates. Chaetomium species are mostly ascomycete saprophytic fungi that survive well under stressful environmental conditions. This area has become one of the gold mines for sustainable agricultural production to maintain a balanced ecological system. The specific, potent isolates of Chaetomium were found to protect economic plants through disease, insect, and nematode control and to strongly produce cellulase to degrade organic materials in the fermentation process to increase soil nutrient fertility. All the discovered strains are recommended for acute and dermal toxicity, screening for agrochemical resistance and durability in different climates, including acidic or alkaline conditions, and growing in a wide range of temperature regimes. Research has revealed that Chaetomium species can be developed as biological fungicides, biological insecticides, biological nematicides, and natural active metabolites for plant disease control as well as biosensors for soil revitalization. These bioproducts can be used for sustainable agricultural development and maintain biological diversity in surrounding environments. Research on microbial products of Chaetomium species and other fungi for plant disease control has been conducted since 1989. After several years, 22 effective strains of Chaetomium were discovered and patented as broad-spectrum microbial fungicides, noted as Patent No. 6266, International Code: AO 1 N 25/12, and then registered as Ketomium® microbial fungicides in Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam and as microbial fertilizers in P. R. China. Chaetomium as a microbial fungicide and microbial fertilizer can be applied in combination with integrated pest management (IPM). It has been shown to have pathogen and disease suppressive, curative, and protective effects to control plant diseases. It is strongly recommended to prove acute and dermal toxicity, agrochemical resistance screening, acidity or alkaline conditions, and temperature regimes before developing microbial fungicides and microbial fertilizers. Chaetomium spp. are distributed worldwide and survive well under stress conditions. It serves as a natural goldmine for sustainability to maintain and revitalize the environment and preserve the natural and ecological balance in nature. Chaetomium species are broad habitats in soil, water, and endophytes with various biological properties of antagonists of phytopathogens, some insects, plant parasitic nematodes, and human pathogens, as well as the production of active metabolites, enzymes, etc.
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Microbial Nanotechnology in Agricultural Applications
(2026-01-01)
Song, Jiaojiao
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Soytong, Kasem
Nanotechnology has been developed for plant disease management, and many kinds of organic nanoparticles have been developed to induce the immunity of plants, such as plant vaccines. Natural products from Chaetomium lucknowense, Chaetomium brasiliense, Chaetomium cochliodes, Chaetomium cupreum, Chaetomium elatum, Chaetomium globosum, Chaetomium siamense, Emericella nidulans, Trichoderma harzianum, and Trichoderma hamatum are reported to have antimicrobial activities against plant pathogens. In particular, Ch. siamense is a newly discovered and endophytic Chaetomium spp. that produces active metabolites. These active metabolites from Chaetomium spp., E. nidulans, T. harzianum, and T. hamatum are constructed as nanofibers for inducing plant disease immunity through phytoalexin production as nanoplant vaccines. The nanofibers are used as elicitors for the induction of immunity in plants that induce phytoalexin biosynthesis, for example, scopoletin and anthocyanidin against Phytophthora or Pythium rot and scoparone against Phytophthora or Pythium rot, capsidiol in chili against anthracnose, alpha-tomatine in tomato against Fusarium wilt, and sakuranetin and oryzalexin in rice plants against blast. The natural product nanoelicitors derived from Chaetomium spp., Emericella spp., and Trichoderma spp. help reduce disease incidence in plants.
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Innovation in Microbial Biotechnology for Organic Agriculture
(2026-01-01)
Soytong, Kasem
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Song, Jiaojiao
Organic agriculture has expanded in many countries to encourage the consumption of safe food for human health and to rejuvenate agroecosystems in the surrounding environment. Agricultural inputs for organic agriculture must be based on scientific investigations, as bioproducts can be substituted for agrochemicals, leading to modern organic agriculture. Microbial biotechnology in agriculture has attracted increasing attention as an important strategy for developmental sustainability. The innovation of this research is the identification of new effective microbes for microbial fermentation, plant growth promotion, disease control, insect protection, and weed control, including integrated management, which can contribute to modern organic agriculture toward sustainable development goals (SDGs). Agricultural inputs for organic agriculture are key for crop and animal productivity and can be used as substitutes for agrochemicals, resulting in equal yields in terms of quality and quantity. Modern organic agriculture has been proposed as an improvement over traditional organic agriculture. Organic certification is required for organic products and foods to ensure that they are free from toxic agrochemicals and harmful human pathogens such as Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli, and that they contain low levels of nitrates and heavy metals. Based on scientific findings, the use of agricultural inputs such as microbial decomposers, microbial fertilizers, microbial fungicides, microbial insecticides, and microbes for heavy metal remediation is proposed to support successful organic production of vegetables, fruits, and other crops in compliance with organic certification standards.
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Soil quality and microbial diversity in relation to the severity of coffee leaf rust disease in Karnataka, India
(2025-12-01)
Kummur, Poojashree Nagappa
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Thangadurai, Devarajan
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Sangeetha, Jeyabalan
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Panigatti, Simran
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Hospet, Ravichandra
Soil physico-chemical properties significantly influence the quality, growth, productivity, and flavor of coffee. The current study estimates the soil nutritional properties and microbial diversity with the severity of coffee leaf rust disease. A total of twenty-nine localities were surveyed in the major coffee-growing district of Karnataka, mainly Chikkamagaluru, Kodagu, and Hassan, covering the canopies of arabica and robusta coffee plantations. The study on soil quality evaluation determines the sustainability and practices of land management in this region. The physico-chemical properties and microbial diversity of the soil were analyzed. Twenty-nine soil parameters were analyzed using principal component analysis, which accounts for five principal components with eigenvalues>1 explaining 9 % of the total variance. The nine principal components together explain 82.24 % of the total variance. According to K-means clustering, soil analysis can be classified into four clusters. Soil microbial communities primarily control the complex ecosystems of soil, including root-and rhizosphere-associated beneficial microbes, and play a vital role as key components in crop production and sustainable agriculture. The present study revealed that the fertility level of the soil and the diverse taxa of rhizospheric microflora from various soil samples, characterized by an abundant diversity of beneficial microbes, such as Trichoderma sp., Bacillus sp., Penicillium sp., and Pseudomonas sp. Furthermore, this work gives insights into the sustainable soil quality and disease management practices that can help farmers to adopt better soil management practices for improving the quality and quantity of coffee production in Karnataka, India.
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Soil physico-chemical properties and microbial diversity on chilli anthracnose disease severity in Northern Karnataka, India
(2025-06-01)
Panigatti, Simran
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Thangadurai, Devarajan
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Sangeetha, Jeyabalan
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Hospet, Ravichandra
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Yadav, Guggalada Govardhana
Chilli anthracnose disease causes a huge commercial loss in the globe. Studying soil physico-chemical properties is crucial to understand chilli anthracnose because these properties significantly affect the efficacy of biocontrol agents and herbicides used to manage the disease. This study aimed to evaluate the relative percentage of disease incidence (% DI) of chilli anthracnose in dominant chilli growing areas of Northern Karnataka in India and its relationship to soil properties. The soil physico-chemical (texture, moisture, density, pH, EC, OC, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Cu, Fe, and B) properties, microbial (fungi and bacteria) diversity of 17 soil samples were analysed by standard protocols and evaluated their correlation with % DI, using Pearson correlation and cluster analysis method. Highest % DI was found in Shira with more value of pH (8.45), and Mg (14.63 meq 100 g-1), whereas in Nela with more value of EC (0.38%), moisture (46%), and Ca (33.83 meq 100 g-1), and also in the regions where the beneficial microbes were less in number (Tegg, Shira, Agad and Nela). The results obtained from Pearson correlation indicated that % DI was positively correlated to moisture (r=0.851**, P=0.01), EC (r=0.488*, P=0.05) and negatively correlated to Pseudomonas sp. (r=-0.322*, P=0.05). The present study provides comprehensive information about the role of physical, chemical and biological properties of soil characteristics responsible for the development of anthracnose disease prevalence and reducing soil quality as well as chilli production under natural conditions.
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Translational Value of Natural Pigments with Reference to Healthcare and Cosmetic Applications
(2024-01-01)
Saravanan, Tamil Selvam
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Gopikrishnan, Venugopal
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Manikkam, Radhakrishnan
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Kaari, Manigundan
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Annamalai, Kishore Kumar
The natural pigments have reported to be using in a wide range of industries, agriculture, textiles, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food. They have become a necessary component of our daily safety life. Synthetic dyes can be harmful impacts to human being as consumer and worker’s health as well as negatively affect to the environment. Numerous natural pigments are recognised as intriguing bioactive substances with feasible safety health advantages. Plants and microbes are discovered to be the main suppliers as natural pigments which various application for these natural products. Recently, the use of natural pigments in the food industry has increased in many areas, including pharmacology, toxicology, textile, and printing industries, as well as food, dairy, and fish industries. The amount of food waste produced has significantly increased as a result of the current surge in industrial food production, particularly the leftovers of fruits and vegetables which are a good source of natural colours including anthocyanins, betalains, carotenoids, and chlorophyll which have both decorative and medicinal effects. Therefore, it is crucial for both economic and environmental reasons to recover the natural pigments from food waste. The cost-effective production would be appreciated and investigated would be overshadowed by the advantages for people. The research findings must be investigated to develop the readily available, non-toxic, environmentally responsible, affordable, and biodegradable pigments for multipurpose application and especially for food security and safety.
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Taxonomy and phylogeny of endophytic Chaetomium (Chaetomiaceae) associated with mango (Mangifera indica) in Yunnan, China
(2024-01-01)
Yang, Er Fu
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Karunarathna, Samantha C.
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Elgorban, Abdallah M.
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Soytong, Kasem
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Promputtha, Itthayakorn
Endophytic fungi reside within plant tissues throughout their entire or partial life cycle, establishing a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship with their host plant, free from causing any adverse effects or diseases. In addition, endophytic fungi are known as a rich source of new and physiologically active natural chemicals with great therapeutic potentials. Endophytic fungi can promote their host's growth and improve tolerance towards biotic and abiotic stresses. The endophytic fungi associated with mangoes have been infrequently studied, and most isolates lack both morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses. When investigating fungal endophytes associated with mango, we isolated four species of Chaetomium from fresh mango leaves, which were collected from mango trees under commercial cultivation in Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China. Based on morphological comparisons and the results of phylogenetic analyses of concatenated LSU, ITS, rpb2, and tub2 sequence data, here we introduce a new species: Chaetomium hongheensis (KUNCC22-10764, 22-10750); and two new host records: C. cochliodes (KUNCC22-10741) and C. globosum (KUNCC22-10752) from mango leaves. The two new host records were frequently reported on various substrates in China previously. In addition, the new host and country record Chaetomium unguicola (KUNCC22-10758) is first reported in this study as a mango endophyte in China.
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Genome shuffling for phenotypic improvement of industrial strains through recursive protoplast fusion technology
(2023-01-01)
Hospet, Ravichandra
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Thangadurai, Devarajan
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Cruz-Martins, Natália
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Sangeetha, Jeyabalan
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Anu Appaiah, Konerira Aiyappa
Strains’ improvement technology plays an essential role in enhancing the quality of industrial strains. Several traditional methods and modern techniques have been used to further improve strain engineering programs. The advances stated in strain engineering and the increasing demand for microbial metabolites leads to the invention of the genome shuffling technique, which ensures a specific phenotype improvement through inducing mutation and recursive protoplast fusion. In such technique, the selection of multi-parental strains with distinct phenotypic traits is crucial. In addition, as this evolutionary strain improvement technique involves combinative approaches, it does not require any gene sequence data for genome alteration and, therefore, strains developed by this elite technique will not be considered as genetically modified organisms. In this review, the different stages involved in the genome shuffling technique and its wide applications in various phenotype improvements will be addressed. Taken together, data discussed here highlight that the use of genome shuffling for strain improvement will be a plus for solving complex phenotypic traits and in promoting the rapid development of other industrially important strains.

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