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Enhancing the shelf-life of washed eggs using a gelatin-based coating enriched with pomegranate peel extract under tropical storage conditions
(2026-06-01)
Thiangtae, Siwimol
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Srikijkasemwat, Kanokrat
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Kaewhom, Paitoon
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Kongrith, Chunya
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Polyorach, Sineenart
Egg washing effectively improves food safety but accelerates quality deterioration by removing the natural cuticle, especially during ambient storage. This study investigated the efficacy of a gelatin-based edible coating incorporated with pomegranate peel extract (PPE) in preserving the internal quality of washed chicken eggs stored at room temperature (25–30°C). Eggs were assigned to four treatments: uncoated control (UC), gelatin-only (GEL), and gelatin containing 1.0% (GEL-PPE1.0) or 1.5% PPE (GEL-PPE1.5), and evaluated over 28 days. The results showed that GEL-PPE1.5 significantly outperformed other groups in preserving internal quality (P ' 0.05). By Day 28, the GEL-PPE1.5 group maintained a Haugh unit (HU) of 55.59 ± 9.42, whereas the UC group dropped to 33.73 ± 17.29 (P ' 0.001). Similarly, the yolk index (YI) of the GEL-PPE1.5 group was 0.21 ± 0.02, compared to 0.11 ± 0.03 in UC eggs. The PPE coatings also moderate pH shifts; the albumen pH of the GEL-PPE1.5 group remained at 9.16 ± 0.20, significantly lower than the 9.61 ± 0.14 in the UC group (P ' 0.05). No microbial growth was detected in any treatment (' 10 CFU/g). The preservation efficacy arises from synergistic mechanisms: the gelatin matrix acts as a physical barrier to gas exchange, while the ellagic acid-rich PPE enhances biochemical stability by mitigating oxidative degradation. These findings demonstrate that PPE-fortified gelatin coatings provide a practical and bioactive strategy for maintaining egg freshness, offering a clear magnitude of protection for washed eggs in supply chains where refrigeration is limited.
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Evaluation of Productivity and Egg Quality in Japanese Quails Reared Under Different LED Colors and Rearing Systems
(2026-02-01)
Kaewhom, Paitoon
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Saelim, Kraiyot
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Poolsamran, Patcharawadee
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Thammakarn, Chanathip
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Chaosap, Chanporn
This study evaluated the productivity and egg quality of Japanese quails reared under different LED colors and rearing systems. A total of 720 female quails were assigned to a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement with three LED colors (red, green, and white) and two rearing systems (cage and floor) until 20 weeks of age. Production performance was evaluated across specific age intervals, while physical egg quality traits were analyzed using a Repeated-measures General Linear Model to assess temporal changes. No significant overall interactions between LED color and rearing system were observed (p > 0.05). However, significant interactions between treatment and time (p < 0.05) revealed that red LED light progressively enhanced productivity, while the floor system significantly improved feed efficiency and income during the early laying phase (weeks 6–12). Specifically, red LED light significantly improved hen-day production, egg mass, feed efficiency, and income-to-cost ratio compared to other colors (p < 0.05). Physical egg quality traits remained consistent across treatments (p > 0.05) but were significantly influenced by time (p < 0.05). In conclusion, red LED light optimizes long-term profitability, whereas the floor system offers distinct advantages during the onset of lay.
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Ensiling Time and Mixed Microbe Fermented Liquid Modulate In Vitro Digestibility and Rumen Fermentation of Fermented Total Mixed Rations
(2026-01-01)
Polyorach, Sineenart
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Suphalucksana, Wichai
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Klompanya, Ampon
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Yuangklang, Chalermpon
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Wanapat, Metha
This study investigated how varying the ensiling period and the level of mixed microbes fermented liquid (MMFL) influences the chemical composition, in vitro degradability, rumen fermentation profile, and microbial ecology of fermented total mixed rations (FTMR). A completely randomized 4 × 4 factorial design was used, incorporating four fermentation durations (0, 7, 14, and 21 days) and four MMFL inclusion rates (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% of DM). Both factors exerted significant effects on FTMR quality (p < 0.05). The combination of a 14-day fermentation period with 0.5% MMFL consistently produced the most desirable outcomes. Under these conditions, crude protein concentration rose from 12.0% to 14.3% of DM, while neutral-detergent fiber declined from 54.2% to 49.1%. Improvements were also observed in in vitro digestibility, with DM and OM increasing by 9–12% relative to the untreated control (p < 0.05). Fermentation end-products were enhanced, as total volatile fatty acids increased by 15% (92.4 vs. 80.1 mmol/L), and the molar proportion of propionate increased from 24.5 to 29.2 mol/100 mol, thereby lowering the acetate-to-propionate ratio (2.4 vs. 3.0; p < 0.05). Estimated methane production declined by 18% (p < 0.01). Microbial counts reflected a shift toward a more efficient fermentative community, with bacterial and fungal populations increasing by 21% and 18%, and protozoa decreasing by 25% (p < 0.05). Overall, moderate MMFL supplementation during a 14-day ensiling phase enhanced nutrient conservation and fermentation efficiency, suggesting practical value for improving FTMR utilization in ruminant systems. Further in vivo and economic evaluations remain necessary.
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Effects of fructooligosaccharide administration routes on growth performance, gut integrity, microbiota, and meat quality in broiler chickens exposed to reused litter
(2025-11-01)
Ruangpanit, Yuwares
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Rassmidatta, Konkawat
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Philatha, Ananchai
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Saothong, Prayooth
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Sompugdee, Chokchai
This study investigated the effects of dietary fructooligosaccharide (FOS) supplementation, administered via feed or drinking water, on growth performance, gut morphology, microbiota, stress response, and meat quality in broiler chickens reared under reused litter conditions. A total of 900 one-day-old male Ross 308 chicks were randomly allocated to three groups: a control (CON), 0.5 % FOS in drinking water (FOS-W), and 0.5 % FOS in feed (FOS-F), over a 38-day trial conducted using reused litter to simulate oxidative and physiological stress. FOS administration route had no significant effect on growth performance, carcass characteristics, gut morphology, cecal microbiota composition, stress indicators, meat quality, or ribonucleotide levels. Furthermore, FOS supplementation, irrespective of delivery method, did not influence growth, carcass traits, or meat quality when compared to the control. However, both FOS-supplemented groups exhibited significantly higher villus height-to-crypt depth ratios in the ileum and jejunum, increased cecal Lactobacillus counts, and reduced heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratios, indicating enhanced intestinal integrity and reduced physiological stress. In conclusion, while FOS supplementation did not affect performance or meat quality under reused litter conditions, it positively influenced gut morphology, microbial balance, and stress response. These findings support the potential of FOS as a functional feed additive to improve intestinal health and resilience in broiler chickens under intensive production systems.
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Seroprevalence of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in Domestic Pigs of Thailand: Two Decades After Nationwide Vaccines Application
(2022-12-01)
Thammakarn, Chanathip
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Umphonphison, Sawanya
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Kaewhom, Paitoon
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Srikijkasemwat, Kanokrat
The antibody response of domestic pigs to porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) was investigated in commercial farms at various regions of Thailand during the year 2018-2021. A total 2,002 serum samples were collected from 16 farms located in 10 provinces and tested by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Among total serum samples, 914 samples were further tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect ORF2 gene. The results revealed that 81.17% of pigs had low positive level antibody against PCV2, while 10.29% had high positive titer. On the other hand 8.54% of pig had no antibody to PCV2. The low positive antibody level was found in most population in all farm sizes as well as all types of pig as in age categories. The PCR result illustrated that there was no viral gene in seronegative serum. While 0.8% of total low positive serum samples displayed positive by PCR. In addition, 3.23% of total high positive serum samples showed positive by PCR. The present study is the first nationwide serological prevalence of PCV2 antibody report since two decades of PCV2 vaccines was applied in Thailand. The results proved that high prevalence of PCV2 immunity was established, with the most population had antibody titer fall in low positive, while some of viremic pigs still presented, determined that the routine vaccination programs used in farms can control PCV2 efficiently since continuing vaccination.
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Antimicrobial resistance in fecal Escherichia coli from different pig production systems
(2022-01-01)
Mitchaothai, Jamlong
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Srikijkasemwat, Kanokrat
Objective: The objective of the current study was to investigate the influences of conventional (CO) and deep litter (DE) systems on antimicrobial resistance in fecal Escherichia coli (E. coli). Methods: A crosssectional study was carried out to detect antimicrobial resistance to E. coli in swine fecal samples in CO and DE systems located in western and northeastern Thailand. Individual rectal swab samples were taken only from healthy pigs. A total of 215 individual and healthy pigs were randomly selected for isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility test of E. coli by the disc diffusion method. The test panel included amoxicillin (AMX), colistin, doxycycline (DOX), enrofloxacin, gentamicin (GEN), kanamycin, neomycin (NEO), and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole (SXT). Results: There were significant (p<0.05) lower resistance levels for GEN, NEO, and SXT in the DE farms compared to those in the CO farms. There was a lower number of antimicrobial resistance agents (p<0.001) in the DE farms compared to those in the CO farms. This result was consistent with those in western (p<0.01) and northeastern (p<0.01) Thailand. Overall, antibiograms of AMXSXT and AMXDOXSXT were found in the CO (19.09% and 20.91%, respectively) and the DE (16.19% and 24.76%, respectively) farms. No antimicrobial resistance (5.71%) was found and AMX (13.33%) resistant pigs in the DE farms, whereas the pattern of AMXGENSXT (6.36%) and AMXDOXGENSXT (11.82%) resistant pigs was found in the CO farms. Conclusion: The DE system for pig farming was superior to conventional pig farming by lowering the resistance level of fecal E. coli to GEN, NEO, and SXT, with decreasing the number of antimicrobial resistance agents and inducing a small proportion of pigs to be free from antimicrobial resistance.
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Efficacy of two primer sets used in the sex identification of rufous-winged buzzard (Butastur liventer)
(2021-01-01)
Kaewhom, Paitoon
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Srikijkasemwat, Kanokrat
Background: The rufous-winged buzzard (Butastur liventer) belongs to the order Accipitriformes, which is monomorphic, resulting in the difficulty to identify the gender. However, sex determination is important for predicting the sex ratio of this buzzard in nature in order to avoid its extinction. Aim: We aimed to develop a primer set that is able to sex the rufous-winged buzzard through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and compare the efficacy of the two sets of primers by using PCR technique. Methods: In the following, sensitivity refers to the smallest DNA concentration that allowed us to accurately sex a bird and specificity refers to the ability to clearly distinguish the sex based on the visual appearance of the bands. Blood samples were collected from captive buzzards. The DNA was extracted from them and was diluted to 50, 25, 10, 5, 2.5, 1.67, and 1 ng/µl. Two sets of primers, including P2/NP/MP and 2550F/2718R, were used to amplify the chromo-helicase DNA binding (CHD) gene of known gender buzzards using the PCR process to determine gender and to compare their sensitivity. To measure specificity, both primers were used to amplify CHD gene fragment of other unknown gender birds. Results: The lowest concentration of the DNA template where P2/NP/MP could amplify DNA fragments was 1 ng/µl, and this set of primers could identify the gender of all birds correctly, giving 100% specificity. On the other hand, the 2550F/2718R could amplify the DNA fragments from 5 ng/µl, and it had only 78% specificity. Conclusion: The P2/NP/MP primer set was able to correctly identify the gender of rufous-winged buzzard through PCR amplification with high specificity and sensitivity.
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Fermented juice of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria and molasses addition on the fermentation characteristics and nutrient compositions of sorghum silage
(2019-08-01)
Lukkananukool, Achara
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Srikijkasemwat, Kanokrat
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Promnaret, Amphai
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Aung, Min
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Kyawt, Yin Yin
This study was conducted to determine the effect of fermented juice of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (FJLB) and molasses addition on the fermentation characteristics and nutrient compositions of sorghum silage. Sorghums were chopped into pieces of 1-2 cm length and molasses 5% (w/w) and FJLB 1% (v/w) of fresh material were added as silage additives. No significant effects on physical characteristics except pH, lowest in molasses silage, were noted. The higher organic matter and lower fibre contents were observed in molasses silage. Total carbohydrate, non fibre carbohydrate, total digestible nutrients, digestible dry matter and dry matter intake were highest in molasses silage. The higher acetic, propionic and lactic acid concentrations were observed in FJLB silage. The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count was highest in FJLB silage, and lowest in control silage. The low volatile based nitrogen (VBN) and high V-score, indicators of good quality silages, were generally observed in molasses and FJLB rather than control silages. This experiment indicated that FJLB can be alternatively used as additive instead of using molasses in sorghum silage; however more inclusion level of molasses and FJLB should be used to ensure good quality silage.
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Effect of molasses and fermented juice of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria on the fermentation characteristics and nutrient compositions of cassava leaves silage
(2018-09-01)
Lukkananukool, Achara
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Thammakarn, Chanathip
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Srikijkasemwat, Kanokrat
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Aung, Min
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Kyawt, Yin Yin
Molasses and fermented juice of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (FJLB) addition improved the quality of cassava leaves silage; however their effect depends on the types of forages ensiled. Thus, this study was aimed to compare the effect of molasses and FJLB additives on the fermentation characteristics and nutrient compositions of cassava leaves silage. Cassava leaves were chopped into pieces of 1-2 cm length before ensiling. The molasses 5% (w/w) and FJLB 1% (v/w) of fresh material were added as silage additives. As the measurement, the physical characteristics, chemical compositions, nutritive values, organic acid concentrations, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count, volatile based nitrogen (VBN) and V-score of experimental silages were determined. In general, the physical characteristics and nutritive values of molasses and FJLB silages were not significantly different (p>0.05), however crude protein and fibre contents of FJLB silage were significantly higher (p<0.05) than molasses silage. Inversely, total carbohydrate and non fibre carbohydrate contents of molasses silage were also greater (p<0.05) than FJLB silage, resulted the higher feed intake in molasses silage. The acetic acid and propionic acid concentrations were greater (p<0.05) in molasses silage, whereas the higher (p<0.05) LAB count was found in FJLB silage. Regarding the indicators for good quality silage, VBN and V-score, both FJLB and molasses silages possessed the parameters for good quality silages. Thus, this experiment indicated that FJLB can be alternatively used as additive instead of using molasses in cassava leaves silage. Copyright
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Effect of feeding sunflower meal on the performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens
(2017-01-01)
Sangsoponjit, Settasit
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Suphalucksana, Wichai
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Srikijkasemwat, Kanokrat
The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of feeding sunflower meal on the performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. A total of six hundred day-old male Arbor Acre chicks were allotted to a completely randomized experimental design. There were four levels of 0%, 4%, 8%, and 12% sunflower meal with five replicates each for forty-two days trial. The inclusion of different concentrations of sunflower meal did not alter the productive performance of the birds. There were not significant differences in body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality, and the European Production Efficiency Factor (E.P.E.F.) index among the experimental groups (P≥0.05). During 22-42 days of trial, the inclusion of 12 % sunflower meal was the highest in feed intake but it was only significant differences between the inclusion of 8 % sunflower meal group (p<0.05). However, the inclusion of 12 % sunflower meal had higher feed intake and mortality than the other groups for the whole period of trial (p>0.05). The E.P.E.F. index were 299.76, 320.25, 343.22, and 298.90 for the birds fed with 0 %, 4 %, 8 %, and 12 %, of sunflower meal in the diet, respectively. The inclusion of sunflower meal from 4 %, 8 %, and 12 % had no effect on carcass percentage and cut yield of broilers. They were breast, fillet, three joint wings, thigh, and drumstick, including abdominal fat

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