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A Self-Powered and Chemically Responsive Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Surface Protonation in SrO2Nanopowder/Graphene Oxide/epoxy Composite for pH Sensing
(2025-12-05)
Saengpoe, Prasert
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Supasai, Wisut
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Amorntep, Narong
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Nilnumpetch, Chatree
;
Nokkaew, Manussawee
Practical implementation of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) in autonomous systems is frequently impeded by their inadequate durability in chemically harsh environments. To address this limitation, we present a durable TENG utilizing a strontium dioxide nanopowders/graphene oxide/epoxy resin (SrO<inf>2</inf>NPOs/GO/ER) composite, positioning SrO<inf>2</inf>NPOs as an innovative, high-permittivity filler for triboelectric applications. By synergistically integrating the elevated dielectric constant of SrO<inf>2</inf>NPOs with the interfacial polarization of GO NPOs, our optimized composite achieves an outstanding output of approximately 136 V and 2.3 μA/cm2under a 100 N force, exceeding the performance of numerous advanced TENGs. Significantly, we convert a common degradation mechanism, i.e., surface protonation, into a functional sensing approach. The device leverages reversible protonation–deprotonation dynamics to convert environmental pH into distinct electrical signals, enabling self-powered, real-time pH sensing. The sensor exhibits excellent linearity (R2> 0.97) across three distinct operational regions (pH 1–12), demonstrating high sensitivity to acidity changes. The device has demonstrated remarkable durability, completing approximately 11,000 mechanical cycles. Also, the proposed device serves high chemical durability, maintaining stable performance (up to 6000 cycles) after 24 h immersion in neutral and alkaline solutions. Our work establishes a resilient, multifunctional platform that simultaneously harvests energy and senses its chemical surroundings by reframing protonation as a design principle. This breakthrough paves the way for next-generation TENGs for use in environmental monitoring, resilient IoT networks, and adaptive self-powered electronics that can function under conditions where the chemical environment changes.
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Hybrid Textile Nanogenerators Based on Cotton-PANI/CNT Composites for Simultaneous Harvesting of Mechanical and Thermal Energy
(2025-06-09)
Navatragulpisit, Suchanat
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Saetang, Chanachot
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Mohsom, Phitchayaphorn
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Sriphan, Saichon
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Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
Rapid advancements in wearable electronics (WEs) have accelerated the development of textile-based triboelectric nanogenerators (T-TENGs) as flexible and sustainable power sources. However, one major challenge lies in mitigating the charge loss due to heat generation during repeated mechanical operations. In this work, we demonstrate a hybrid energy-harvesting textile that integrates both triboelectric and thermoelectric functionalities. Cotton (cot-) fabric serves as the triboelectric substrate, coated with a polyaniline/carbon nanotube (PANI/CNT) thermoelectric composite, enabling the simultaneous harvesting of mechanical and thermal energy. The optimized cot-PANI/CNT device exhibits a high Seebeck coefficient (98.5 mV/K), a power factor of ∼9 μW/mK2, and improved electrical conductivity, while maintaining fabric flexibility. The hybrid system achieves an open-circuit voltage (V<inf>OC</inf>) of ∼40.0 V and a short-circuit current (I<inf>SC</inf>) of ∼77.3 μA, yielding a maximum output power of ∼272.3 μW (30.3 μW/cm2). The device successfully powers wearable-scale electronics, and mechanistic insights are provided into the synergistic charge generation pathways between the triboelectric and thermoelectric components.
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Enhancing Performance of Composite-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators Through Laser Surface Patterning and Graphite Coating for Sustainable Energy Solutions
(2024-11-01)
Amorntep, Narong
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Siritaratiwat, Apirat
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Srichan, Chavis
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Sriphan, Saichon
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Wiangwiset, Thalerngsak
The performance of composite-based triboelectric nanogenerators (C–TENGs) was significantly enhanced through laser surface patterning and graphite coating. The laser etching process produced accurate and consistent patterns, increasing surface area and improving charge accumulation. SEM imagery confirmed the structural differences and enhanced surface properties of the laser-etched C–TENGs. Graphite fibers further augmented the contact surface area, enhancing charge accumulation and diffusion. Experimental results demonstrated that the optimized C–TENGs, especially those with line patterns and graphite coating, achieved a maximal 98.87 V open-circuit voltage (V<inf>OC</inf>) and a 0.10 µA/cm2 short-circuit current density (J<inf>SC</inf>) under a 20 N external force. Environmental tests revealed a slight decrease in performance with increased humidity, while long-term stability tests indicated consistent performance over three weeks. Practical application tests showed the potential of C–TENGs integrated into wearable devices, generating sufficient energy for low-power applications, thereby highlighting the promise of these devices for sustainable energy solutions.
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Development of Flexible Semiconductors Based on g-C3N4/Cu2O P–N Heterojunction for Triboelectric Nanogenerator Application
(2023-01-01)
Worathat, Supakarn
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Pharino, Utchawadee
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Sriphan, Saichon
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Niemcharoen, Surasak
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Thitirungraung, Wisut
This research aims to develop flexible semiconductors for triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) applications. The sample powders of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C<inf>3</inf>N<inf>4</inf>) and copper (I) oxide (Cu<inf>2</inf>O) as N-type and P-type semiconductors, respectively, were synthesized. The semiconductors were prepared to be a composite film with alginate. The structure, morphology, and purity of the N- and P-type semiconductors were characterized using X-Ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy techniques. Through the optical characterization, the N-type semiconductor showed the calculated energy band gap of 2.80 eV, while the P-type semiconductor was 1.90 eV. The P–N junction property of prepared samples was confirmed using a nonlinear current–voltage characteristic. After that, two flexible semiconductors were frictional paired for TENG. Through a vertical contact-separation mode, the P–N junction-based TENG produced a maximum output voltage and current of 3.90 V and 0.44 µA, respectively, with a maximum output power of 0.35 µW at 10 MΩ. In summary, the present work achieved the preparation of flexible P- and N-type semiconductors. The feasibility to harvest the mechanical energy was demonstrated in the TENG configuration. This idea is crucial for the future development of flexible harvesting/sensing devices using a novel concept.
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Simple Fabrication of Porous 3D Substrate Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Composited with Polyvinylidene Fluoride-co-Hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) for Triboelectric Nanogenerator
(2022-01-01)
Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
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Pharino, Utchawadee
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Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Sriphan, Saichon
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Pongampai, Satana
Owing to their structural advantages over bulk polymers, porous 3D substrates possess immense potential in triboelectric energy generation. This work reports the effective effort to fabricate the porous structure of polydimethylsiloxane, also known as the sponge-PDMS, by a simple template method. The sodium chloride salt from commodity product is used to create the 300 μm size of pores within the PDMS elastomeric layers, turning affects to the mechanical deformability of the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). The inner face of those pores is composited with the PVDF-HFP particles as a piezoelectric fillers. The presence of those fillers can be confirmed and their distribution within porous PDMS is 3D visualized by the synchrotron radiation X-ray tomography. The spatial distribution of the PVDF-HFP made it possible to fabricate the piezo-embedded macroporous TENG with high output power of 7.84 μW, giving over 2-fold enhancement, compared with the sponge-PDMS and even more when compared with the flat PDMS film under the same mechanical force.

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