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Effect of Imaging Distance and Chicken Body Size on Infrared Thermal Camera Accuracy in Body Temperature Measurement
(2025-11-01)
Mitchaothai, Jamlong
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Lukkananukool, Achara
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Suwor, Patcharaporn
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Suwanmaneepong, Suneeporn
The accurate monitoring of body temperature is critical to poultry health and welfare. Rectal thermometry, the conventionally employed method, is invasive and stressful. Infrared thermography (IRT) offers a non-invasive alternative, but its accuracy may be influenced by body size and camera-to-object distance. This study evaluated the efficiency of thermal imaging compared with rectal thermometry in measuring chicken body temperature, with a focus on the effects of body size and measurement distance. A cross-sectional, repeated-measures design was applied to ninety clinically healthy Buff Sussex chickens (n = 30 per size group: small, medium, and large). Each bird was imaged from three distances (50, 75, and 100 cm) by using a thermal camera (FLIR C5<sup>®</sup>), with rectal temperature (Omron MC-246<sup>®</sup>) serving as the reference, so that a total of 270 paired observations were analyzed. Agreement was assessed using Bland–Altman bias and limits of agreement (LOAs), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), Pearson correlation (r), and Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). The results showed that rectal temperatures were consistent with the normal physiological range reported for healthy chickens (40.43–41.95 °C) and that thermal imaging showed systematic underestimation, particularly in small birds (bias of up to −2.65 °C and RMSE of 2.72 °C at 100 cm) and medium-sized birds (bias of −0.73 to −1.39 °C), with weak concordance (CCC ≤ 0.16). Measurements in large birds demonstrated the smallest bias (−0.76 to +0.16 °C), lower errors (MAE of 0.73–0.89 °C), and stronger correlations (r = 0.56–0.71), indicating more reliable agreement. Distance influenced accuracy, with underestimation increasing at 75–100 cm, especially in smaller birds. Therefore, thermal imaging cannot fully replace rectal thermometry for individual-level assessment in chickens due to systematic underestimation, especially in small birds and at greater distances. However, it shows promise as a rapid, non-invasive flock-level screening tool in larger chickens when used at optimal distances (50–75 cm). The integration of thermal imaging into precision livestock farming and future farm models may enhance welfare-friendly, automated health monitoring in poultry systems.
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Production efficiency of aquaculture farm Vannamei white shrimp in Chachoengsao province, Thailand: a stochastic frontier analysis
(2025-01-01)
Tammaroopa, Kanokwan
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Mankeb, Panya
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Suwanmaneepong, Suneeporn
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Cavite, Harry Jay
Although shrimp farmers have expanded their operation and market through government support, their technical efficiency remains in question as they compete with other shrimp farmers in the area. This study investigates the technical efficiency of Vannamei white shrimp farmers and explores the factors affecting their inefficiency using the stochastic production frontier approach. Data were collected from 450 shrimp farmers in Chachoengsao, Thailand. Data were analysed using the stochastic frontier production function. Results showed that technical efficiency level was approximately 87%, implying a potential 13% growth in output if inefficiencies are addressed. Furthermore, farmers who receive training on shrimp farming are more efficient than farmers who do not. Farmers with higher educational attainment are more likely to be efficient implying the importance of providing information access and developing farmers’ technical knowledge on shrimp production. Thus, increased technical knowledge could enable farmers make better decisions and attain higher levels of technical efficiency.
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Participatory irrigation management, social capital, and efficiency in rice production. Understanding the linkage in the case of irrigated rice farms in Northern Thailand
(2024-06-15)
Suwanmaneepong, Suneeporn
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Llones, Christopher
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Mankeb, Panya
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Wongtragoon, Unggoon
Enforcement of rules to increase farmers' involvement in participatory irrigation management (PIM) has been ineffective given the non-exclusivity nature of surface irrigation. In this study, we investigated the interrelationship of the social capital's role in higher participation in PIM and the effects towards farmers' efficiency using the case of rice farmers in Northern Thailand. We found that higher intention to participate in PIM collective activities is largely driven by the water user's social capital endowments. Farmers' efficiency level is positively associated with PIM participation and the condition of the collective irrigation management. Our findings suggest the importance of complementing current government efforts with policy interventions focusing on strengthening water user groups' social capital, such as improving group cohesion and their capacity for networking in compensating for various impediments faced by farmers.
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Cost-return and technical efficiency of rice production in the Ban Nong Saeng Rice Mill Community Enterprise, Chachoengsao Province, Thailand
(2024-05-01)
Kerdsriserm, C.
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Suwanmaneepong, Suneeporn
The research findings showed that to attain a break-even point, farmers needed to consider strategies to augment yield by approximately 70 kilograms per rai. The evaluation of technical efficiency revealed a varied range of levels amongst farmers, spanning from 0.28 to 0.99, with an average of 0.32. These values indicated that farmers were only partially harnessing the potential of their production factors and the opportunity to enhance their overall production efficiency. In conclusion, the study advanced to understand rice production economics within the context of community enterprises. The insights gained from the analyses contributed to discussions surrounding optimal resource allocation, enhancing production efficiency, and identifying strategic interventions to improve the profitability and sustainability of rice production.
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Production Performance and Adoption Opinion Toward Wet and Dry Farming of GAP and Non-GAP Farmers in Suburban Bangkok, Thailand
(2024-03-01)
Suwanmaneepong, Suneeporn
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Kultawanich, Kulachai
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Khurnpoon, Lampan
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Sabaijai, Phatchara Eamkijkarn
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Kerdsriserm, Chanhathai
Technology adoption requires technical information to support decision-making and encourage broader acceptance. Recognizing the significance of alternate wetting and drying technology in sustainable agriculture, this study aims to promote the adoption of this technology among both Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and non-GAP farmers in Suburban, Bangkok, Thailand. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire, which gathered information on farmers' cost and return values, as well as their adoption opinions. The collected data were then analyzed using cost and return analysis, as well as stochastic frontier analysis. The results indicate that non-GAP farmers face significantly higher total costs due to increased fixed costs compared to GAP farmers. While there were no significant differences in yield between the two groups, GAP farmers achieved significantly higher total income and net profit due to lower total costs and higher selling prices. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that both groups of rice farmers have the potential to improve their efficiency levels, with non-GAP farmers showing a higher potential for improvement. In terms of adoption opinion, both farmer groups recognize the advantages of wet and dry farming technology over traditional flooded rice farming. This study highlights that the adoption levels of both GAP and non-GAP farmers can be significantly improved through the implementation of best management practices. Overall, the findings emphasize the importance of trustworthy information dissemination to encourage the adoption of wet and dry farming technology, as it enhances farmers' trust in the received information and their engagement with the technology. The study concludes by providing policy implications and recommendations to promote the wider adoption of wet and dry farming technology.
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Effects of Marketing Mix Factors on Customer’s Decision to Purchase Community-Made Fermented Soil: A Survey in the Eastern Peri-Urban Area of Bangkok, Thailand
(2024-01-01)
Fakkhong, Sasima
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Suwanmaneepong, Suneeporn
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Llones, Christopher
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Cavite, Harry Jay
This study investigates the marketing mix factors affecting customers’ decision to purchase community-made fermented soil (CMFS). Data were collected in the eastern peri-urban area of Bangkok, Thailand, using survey questionnaires. A total of 202 customer respondents were chosen through purposive sampling. Two sampled groups of customers were identified, the first group (n = 53) includes customers who already purchased and used CMFS, while the second group (n = 149) includes those who intend to use CMFS in the future. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and a binary logistic regression was employed to investigate the marketing mix factors affecting customers’ purchasing decisions. Customers who already purchased and used CMFS, the price factor was the most important among the marketing mix elements. While customers with future intentions to purchase CMFS, market promotion factors were the most important. The binary logistics regression results revealed that adequate nutrients for plant growth and the sales location increase the odds for customers to purchase community-made fermented soil. Moreover, a higher probability of purchase intention was observed among consumers with higher perceived health and environmental concerns. This implies the viability of CMFS as an alternative to chemical fertilizer and a viable additional income for farmers.
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Rice production technical efficiency in a highly urbanised area in Samut Prakan Province, Thailand
(2024-01-01)
Meelua, Naruebet
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Suwanmaneepong, Suneeporn
This study investigates rice farmers’ technical efficiency in a highly urbanised area in Samut Prakan Province, Thailand. The study used a two-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) in measuring farmers’ level of technical efficiency (TE), while a Tobit regression was employed to assess the factors affecting TE. The results revealed that rice farmers’ TE levels ranged from 0.53-1.00, with an overall mean value of 0.84, indicating a considerable potential in enhancing TE to improve rice production. Moreover, the study found cultivated area, education level, and rice farming experience significantly affected production efficiency; whereas the significant association of the land area to the production efficiency suggests the need for government to be cautious about converting land areas for non-agricultural activities brought by urbanisation growth. Lastly, the study suggests improving TE levels through more substantial policy support and programmes targeting the strengthening of rice farmers’ technical knowledge.
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Strategic guidelines for community enterprise development: a case in rural Thailand
(2023-03-08)
Cavite, Harry Jay M.
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Kerdsriserm, Chanhathai
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Suwanmaneepong, Suneeporn
Purpose: In spite of the government’s support for small-scale rice farmers in rural areas of Thailand, several problems still affect their production and marketing performance. This study aims to assess a rice production community enterprise (RPCE) through an in-depth investigation of its problems and capabilities; and formulate internal strategic guidelines for enterprise development. Design/methodology/approach: This study used a qualitative approach through in-depth interviews with the community enterprise leader and committee members, and focus group discussion with eight farmer-members, purposively selected in Chachoengsao, Thailand. Data were transcribed, sorted and organised to determine themes and patterns. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) and threats, opportunities, weaknesses and strengths (TOWS) matrix situational analyses were done to develop strategic options. Strategic guidelines were formulated through a final deliberation with all members to ensure strategies aligned with the enterprise’s goals and objectives. Findings: The results have identified three main problem categories encountered by the community enterprise in the areas of membership and labour; production and milling operations; and product design and marketing. The enterprise’s main strengths and opportunities include its product certifications and support from external organisations. Strategic points were developed, and policy support programmes are recommended for capacity building and product development as most problems identified relate to these aspects. Originality/value: The utility of this study is its focus on an RPCE. The findings will help policymakers and concerned government agencies implement better programmes and policies to develop RPCEs. Furthermore, this study will be a source for future qualitative literature that will provide helpful information to other studies aiming to develop other types of community enterprises (CEs).
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Farmers’ perception of consumer information and adoption intention towards organic rice farming: Evidence from community enterprise in rural Thailand
(2023-03-01)
Cavite, Harry Jay
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Kerdsriserm, Chanhathai
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Llones, Christopher
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Direksri, Nuttanan
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Suwanmaneepong, Suneeporn
Organic production has gained increased attention worldwide because of its sustainable way of producing food crops apart from its significant contribution to agricultural development. While some policies and programs encourage rice farmers to adopt organic farming, its uptake is far less than expected, particularly in the rural areas of Thailand. Hence, this study attempts to explain rice farmers’ adoption intention towards organic rice farming, drawing insights from the diffusion of innovations theory, and incorporating consumer information as an important alternative information source. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 201 community enterprise farmers using a purposive sampling technique. Results found that farmers have a generally high-level perception towards consumer information items. These items were further explored using binary logistic regression with the commonly used adoption factors. Results revealed that education level, seed input source, buying price, training attendance, and credit access significantly impacted farmers’ adoption intention. Although farmers have a generally high level of agreement towards consumer information, this factor does not affect their adoption. The findings provide critical insights to the community enterprise and policymakers to fully understand community enterprise farmers’ adoption motives and devise targeted strategies to promote widespread adoption of organic rice farming.
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Alternate Wetting and Drying as Water-Saving Technology: An Adoption Intention in the Perspective of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) Suburban Rice Farmers in Thailand
(2023-02-01)
Suwanmaneepong, Suneeporn
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Kultawanich, Kulachai
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Khurnpoon, Lampan
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Sabaijai, Phatchara Eamkijkarn
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Cavite, Harry Jay
The alternate wetting and drying (AWD) as water-saving technology aligns with the good agricultural practices (GAP) principles, particularly in the environmental management of water conservation. Thus, GAP adopters as farmer groups are seen as viable AWD adopters in the initial stages of scaling out the adoption in Thailand. However, the understanding of integrating AWD as water-saving management among GAP adopters remains scant. Using the case of rice GAP farmers in Thailand, the study found a higher probability of adoption intention among GAP compared to non-GAP. AWD perceived advantage, knowledge, and the suitability of rice farms for AWD adoption trials are positively associated with higher adoption intention. While higher fixed cost lowers the probability of adoption, variable cost is positively associated with higher adoption intention in the short-run production decision. In order to scale out the adoption of AWD, farmers’ understanding of the safe and proper application of AWD, together with assistance for crop insurance in the case of crop failure, will be crucial. Risks connected with the adoption decision continue to be the biggest barrier to adoption, especially among small-scale farmers.

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