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Primary assessment of macronutrients in durian (CV Monthong) leaves using near infrared spectroscopy with wavelength selection
(2024-01-05)
Phanomsophon, Thitima
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Jaisue, Natthapon
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Worphet, Akarawhat
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Tawinteung, Nukoon
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Khurnpoon, Lampan
Farmers would be able to regulate fertilization and produce quality durian if they knew the nutrient concentration in durian leaves. A long period of time for traditional nutritional content determination is needed. Therefore, near-infrared spectroscopy is a good method for nondestructive and quick nutrient content evaluation. The leaf sample matrices (fresh leaves, dried ground leaves, and dried ground leaf pellets) were scanned by Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) with a wavelength of 12,500–3,600 cm−1. Regression models were developed using partial least squares (PLS) with full wavelength, short wavelength, and selected wavelength by successive projections algorithm (SPA). In this study, the model for N and K concentration was acceptable and the prediction was considered good but for P content not had succeeded. As a result, the PLS-SPA model using fresh leaf samples for evaluating N content in durian leaves exhibited performance of r2 = 0.852, SEP = 0.14%, RPD = 2.63 and bias = −0.020%. The PLS-SPA model using dried ground leaf samples for evaluating K content in durian leaves exhibited performance of r2 = 0.820, SEP = 0.13%, RPD = 2.36 and bias = 0.006%. This research found that it is possible to apply NIR waves to predict N and K concentrations in durian leaves. It is not necessary to predict directly from the wavelengths associated with -N or -K bonds. Instead, NIR can measure them indirectly from the bonding of proteins, which are products formed by N and K. In addition, selecting the wavelength that is related to the value to be measured can produce results that are not significantly different from using full or short wavelengths. These models can assist farmers in rapidly predicting N and K content in durian leaves for immediate fertilizer adjustment.
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Status and management of excessive phosphorus fertilizer application under durian orchard soils in Eastern Thailand
(2023-05-24)
Tawinteung, Nukoon
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Worphet, Akarawhat
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Jaisue, Natthapon
Durian growers believed that phosphorus (P) is direct a contribution for crop flowering and fruit set, therefore it has been applied profligately, being particularly overused, even though, it reaches excess range especially in durian orchard soils in Eastern Thailand. The purpose of this investigation was to study the status and management of P in order to enhance efficiency fertilizer used. The soil samples (topsoil and subsoil) and durian leaf samples were collected from 6 orchards depended on soil suitability (high, moderate and low suitability) for analysis. The leaf samples were collected 5 times during the growing season (first leaf flushing, second leaf flushing, flowering, young fruit and mature fruit). The result indicated that available P (Bray II) of soil was an average 192 and 88 mg/kg for top soil and sub soil, respectively in which 68% of top soil and 35% of sub soil were classified as a very high range. Moreover, 4% of soil samples accumulated P higher than 500 mg/kg. Most of the P content of leaf tissue varied within a range of critical value (0.15-0.25%), where the highest concentration was found in flowering and young fruit stages (0.24-0.26%). The antagonism between P and Zn was found in 1 of the 2 orchards with high soil suitability (r =-0.507**); P and Cu were found in 4 orchards with moderate and low soil suitability (r =-0.423**, -0.330*, -0.851**, and -0.352*). The farmers normally applied 630-1200 g of P2O5/tree/year, which could be decreased P fertilizer by 10-39% or more for a very high available P in the soil.
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Rapid measurement of classification levels of primary macronutrients in durian (Durio zibethinus Murray CV. Mon Thong) leaves using FT-NIR spectrometer and comparing the effect of imbalanced and balanced data for modelling
(2022-11-15)
Phanomsophon, Thitima
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Jaisue, Natthapon
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Worphet, Akarawhat
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Tawinteung, Nukoon
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Shrestha, Bijendra
For durian growth to produce high-quality fruit, plants should receive sufficient nutrients. Currently, farmers apply various fertilisers to produce a large quantity and quality of durian fruit, irrespective of the actual nutrients that the plant requires. Accordingly, the production cost is high and non-renewable resources. Therefore, this study focused on rapid classification primary macronutrient levels in durian (Durio zibethinus Murray CV. Mon Thong) leaves using Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy and investigated the effect of imbalanced data on efficient classification models. Contents of N, P, and K in durian leaves were measured via NIR with the wavelength range of 800–2,500 nm. Classification models were developed using partial least squares, k-nearest neighbour, and artificial neural networks (ANNs) with imbalanced and balanced data. The imbalanced data were balanced using a synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE). In this study, the model regarding the fresh leaf sample performed better than that for the dried ground leaf sample. Moreover, the ANN was the best algorithm, exhibiting validation accuracies of classified levels corresponding to N = 0.99 and P = 0.97 when the data were analysed with SMOTE and K = 1.00 from the original balanced data. The imbalanced data affected biased classification when the models could increase the classification accuracy by applying balanced data for modelling.
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Classification of N, P, and K concentrations in durian (Durio zibethinus murray cv. mon thong) leaves using near-infrared spectroscopy
(2022-08-24)
Phanomsophon, Thitima
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Jaisue, Natthapon
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Tawinteung, Nukoon
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Khurnpoon, Lampan
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Sirisomboon, Panmanas
A good durian fruit should be supported by sufficient nutrient concentrations. If farmers can quickly determine the nutrient concentration in leaves, they can control fertilisation. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a rapid non-destructive test for estimating nutrient concentration. Measuring nutrient concentrations requires chemical analysis and is a time-consuming process. The aim of this paper is a preliminary test for classifying the N, P, and K concentration levels to determine the possibility of creating models in the future to help farmers obtain information on durian tree nutrient requirements quickly. The models reported in this paper were created by PLS-DA, which had higher accuracy than SVM and the SIMCA method. Fresh durian leaf samples were used, and the spectra provided greater accuracy than the dried ground leaf sample spectra. The classification models had an accuracy of 88.89, 81.25, and 86.36% for predicting N, P, and K, respectively.
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Effects of biochar on enhanced nutrient use efficiency of green bean, Vigna radiata L
(2017-04-01)
Prapagdee, Songkrit
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Tawinteung, Nukoon
Biochar is the carbonized material produced from biomass and is used in several environmental applications. The biochar characteristics depend on the carbonization conditions and feedstock. The suitability of a given biochar for soil improvement depends on the biochar characteristics, soil properties, and target plants. Biochar has been applied at 1–20% (w/w) in the soil, but currently there is a lack of information on what type and concentration of biochar are most suitable for a specific plant and soil quality. Too much biochar will reduce plant growth because of the high alkalinity of biochar, which will cause long-term soil alkalinity. In contrast, too little biochar might be insufficient to enhance plant productivity. In this study, a suitable concentration of cassava stem (an abundant agricultural waste in Thailand) biochar produced at 350 °C was evaluated for green bean (Vigna radiata L.) growth from germination to seed production in pots over 8 weeks. The soil fertility was increased with increasing biochar concentration. At 5% (w/w) biochar, the soil fertility and plant growth were significantly enhanced, while 10% (w/w) biochar significantly enhanced bean growth and bean pod production. The increased biochar concentration in the soil significantly increased the soil total nitrogen and extractable potassium (K) levels but did not affect the amount of available phosphorous. Biochar at 10% (w/w) significantly induced the accumulation of K in the stems, leaves, nut shells, and roots but not in nut seeds. Moreover, biochar not only increased the K concentration in soil but also increased the plant nutrient use efficiency of K, which is important for plant growth. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
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Application of biochar for enhancing cadmium and zinc phytostabilization in vigna radiata L. cultivation
(2014-12-01)
Prapagdee, Songkrit
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Piyatiratitivorakul, Somkiat
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Petsom, Amorn
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Tawinteung, Nukoon
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic and nonessential element. Because of its toxicity, Cd soil contamination is a major environmental risk to living organisms. Several studies have reported on the successful use of biochar to immobilize Cd in soil as it reduces Cd accumulation in plant parts. This research reports on the contrasting effect of biochar on enhancing Cd uptake by plants. A cassava stem biochar produced through low-temperature pyrolysis was applied to natural Cd-contaminated soil that also had a high zinc (Zn) concentration. Vigna radiata L. (a green bean) was grown in treatments receiving three biochar rates, i.e., 5, 10, and 15 %, respectively. The results showed that the 10 % biochar-amended soil had a positive effect on promoting plant growth and seed yield. Unfortunately, 15 % biochar-amended soil caused an adverse effect to plant growth. Cadmium uptake by plants increased with increasing biochar application rate. Zinc uptake by plants tended to decrease with biochar application. Cadmium and Zn bioavailability in soil was significantly reduced with an increasing biochar application rate. The results also showed that the biochar-amended soil could be an alternative and cost-effective method to promote plant growth and decrease Cd mobility in soil. The ratio of Cd concentration in plant root to soil was higher than 1, while the translocation factor from root to shoot was less than 1. These results indicate that the cultivation of V. radiata L. coupled with biochar application is an appropriate method to enhance Cd phytostabilization efficiency of V. radiata L. in Cd-polluted sites.
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Inoculation of soil with cadmium-resistant bacteria enhances cadmium phytoextraction by Vetiveria nemoralis and Ocimum gratissimum
(2013-10-01)
Khonsue, Napakan
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Kittisuwan, Kitti
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Kumsopa, Acharaporn
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Tawinteung, Nukoon
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Prapagdee, Benjaphorn
Two cadmium-resistant bacteria, Ralstonia sp. TAK1 and Arthrobacter sp. TM6, produced exopolymers that promoted cadmium solubilization in contaminated soil. The enhancement of cadmium uptake and accumulation in amonocot (Vetiveria nemoralis, vetiver grass) and a dicot (Ocimum gratissimum, African basil) was investigated in a greenhouse study. Compared with the uninoculated control, Ralstonia sp. TAK1 and Arthrobacter sp. TM6 increased cadmium accumulation in the roots and shoots of V. nemoralis. These cadmium-resistant bacteria increased the cadmium content of whole V. nemoralis plants similarly to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) treatment alone. In contrast, only Arthrobacter sp. TM6 enhanced cadmium accumulation in the roots and shoots of O. gratissimum. The highest cadmium content of wholeO. gratissimum plants was observed when the plant was treated with EDTA following treatment with Arthrobacter sp. TM6. The phytoextraction coefficient and translocation factor (TF) of bacteria-inoculated V. nemoralis were higher than those of O. gratissimum. Arthrobacter sp. TM6 increased the phytoextraction coefficients and TFs in V. nemoralis and O. gratissimum. These results indicate that Arthrobacter sp. TM6 and both tested plant species promote cadmium phytoextraction in contaminated soil. © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013.
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Seasonal variations in nutrient concentrations of durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) leaves
(2001-01-01)
Poovarodom, Sumitra
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Mairaing, Sompit
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Ketsayom, Pimon
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Tawinteung, Nukoon
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Prasittikhet, Jirapong
Nutrient concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in mature commercial durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) "Mon Thong" leaves were investigated throughout the 1998/99 growing season. As leaves mature, concentration of N, P and K decreased, especially K. In contrast, Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations increased with leaf age, but the pattern was slightly different for each element. Ca and Fe increased as the season progressed while Mg and Mn concentrations gradually increased early in the growing season but remained relatively constant during the later part of the sampling period. Fluctuations in tissue Cu and Zn concentrations were observed during the growing season due to nutritional and fungicidal spray applied to foliage. Seasonal variations in durian leaf nutrient concentrations are similar to those reported for other evergreen and deciduous fruit trees with minimum variations occurring between October and December. Only N and K were significantly influenced by the position of leaves on twigs, but the differences were relatively small. No difference in any nutrient concentration was found between leaves sampled from either the bottom or the middle of the tree canopy. It is suggested that durian leaves should be sampled from any position on twigs when they are 5-7 months old, which usually happens between October and December.

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