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Evaluation of the Climate Influence on the Thermal Characteristics of Residential Buildings in Thailand
(2026-01-01)
Lertwanitrot, Praikanok
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Thongsuk, Surakit
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Jettanasen, Chaiyan
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Yoomak, Suntiti
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Ananwattanaporn, Santipont
An increasing population causes more energy demand, resulting in an increased rate of electricity production. Thus, increasing the electricity production rate wastes more fuel resources. These limited resources are depleted if not used properly. Therefore, energy conservation is an essential point that we should be aware of. In addition, weather and geography are significant factors that directly affect the energy consumption rate. Fundamentally, cold regions use more energy for heating, while tropical areas use more energy for air conditioning. Therefore, if the energy used for these fundamental needs can be saved, it will effectively reduce the overall rate of energy use. Consequently, environmental factors that affect energy consumption, such as wind flow direction, building orientation, and pressure, were observed. The observation was done by simulating in a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) program. At the same time, an energy-saving method is also proposed in this paper. The results showed that the proposed method can reduce the energy consumption rate, which is beneficial for the development of energy management systems in the future.
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An Evaluation Study on Electric Appliance Characteristics and Load Patterns in Residential Buildings
(2026-01-01)
Thongsuk, Surakit
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Songsukthawan, Panapong
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Ananwattanaporn, Santipont
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Sottiyaphai, Chayanut
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Ngaopitakkul, Atthapol
Energy usage in residential buildings has been constantly increasing as work-from-home trends continue to maintain popularity. To improve energy efficiency, the load profile and electric appliances in households need to be established and analyzed. This study aims to evaluate the characteristics of electric appliances that are commonly used in residential buildings under various operating conditions. An experimental setup with household electric appliances was built, and power quality meters were installed to assess the patterns under various operating conditions. In addition, the usage patterns were used to construct the daily load profile and analyze the energy consumption in residential buildings. The results demonstrate that load patterns constructed from actual measurements can achieve an accurate depiction of energy usage in residential buildings. The obtained load profile can be used in load control to improve energy efficiency and the application of renewable energy in demand reduction.
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Transient Analysis to Distinguish Mechanically Switched Capacitors Using Discrete Wavelet Transform and Artificial Intelligence
(2026-01-01)
Thongsuk, Surakit
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Bunjongjit, Sulee
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Yoomak, Suntiti
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Ananwattanaporn, Santipont
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Jettanasen, Chaiyan
Capacitor banks are widely used in modern power systems for reactive power compensation and voltage regulation. However, switching operations of mechanically switched capacitors (MSCs) can generate transient phenomena, such as inrush currents, which may resemble fault currents and lead to misoperation of protection systems. Therefore, accurate detection and classification of transient events are essential for reliable system operation. This study proposes a hybrid approach for transient signal analysis and classification by integrating the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) with artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, including probabilistic neural networks and fuzzy inference systems (FIS). The DWT performs time–frequency analysis to extract multi-scale wavelet features from three-phase current signals. The proposed method enables both discrimination between inrush and fault currents and multi-class classification of transient events among six capacitor switching conditions, namely base case, pre-insertion resistor, pre-insertion inductor, current limiting reactor, 6% reactor, and synchronous closing. The methodology is validated using PSCAD/EMTDC simulations under isolated and back-to-back capacitor switching scenarios. The results demonstrate that the proposed DWT–AI approach achieves high classification accuracy exceeding 95%, outperforming conventional methods based on DWT alone and DWT combined with FIS. Furthermore, the proposed method improves protection system performance by reducing false tripping caused by transient inrush currents, while maintaining reliable fault detection capability. The findings confirm that integrating time–frequency signal processing with AI-based classification provides an effective and practical solution for transient event discrimination in MSC capacitor bank systems.
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An approach to energy conservation in lighting systems using luminaire-based sensor for automatic dimming
(2025-12-01)
Jettanasen, Chaiyan
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Thongsuk, Surakit
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Sottiyaphai, Chayanut
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Songsukthawan, Panapong
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Chiradeja, Pathomthat
Lighting systems account for a significant proportion of energy consumption in buildings. Therefore, energy conservation within these systems can greatly enhance overall building energy efficiency. This study proposes a control strategy for LED lamps by adjusting lighting intensity and improving the performance of electric luminaires. The approach involves implementing an automated dimming system that adapts lighting intensity based on surrounding light levels. A system comprising an ambient light sensor, microcontroller, power supply module, dimming controller, and lamp was developed. The sensors measure brightness within a specified range in real time, and the microcontroller analyzes and compares this data against the brightness settings for specific areas. The designed control system was tested in a laboratory setup to demonstrate its effectiveness in a controlled environment. Results showed a 75.65% reduction in power consumption compared to standard lamps in a simulated environment, highlighting its potential for significant energy savings in buildings and its contribution to environmental sustainability.
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Investigation and Study of High Voltage Capacitor Bank Techniques for Voltage Drop Improvement in 22-kV Distribution Line
(2025-01-01)
Thongsuk, Surakit
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Lertwanitrot, Praikanok
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Songsukthawan, Panapong
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Ananwattanaporn, Santipont
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Ngaopitakkul, Atthapol
Voltage drop in distribution lines contributes to power losses, leading to a decrease in the overall efficiency of the electrical power system. In this paper, we investigate methods to improve voltage drop through capacitor bank allocation techniques, specifically installation at the end of the distribution line, the 1/2-kvar rule, and the 2/3-kvar rule. In the case study, a 22 kV overhead distribution line in Thailand is utilized as a model to analyze voltage drop improvement. The study is conducted using PSCAD software to simulate and evaluate the effectiveness of various capacitor bank allocation techniques in enhancing voltage drop in the distribution line. In addition, the impact of capacitor bank placement and sizing on voltage drop mitigation in a distribution line is analyzed through a proposed mathematical framework. This analysis considers the interaction between reactive current compensation and impedance of a distribution line, ensuring an optimized approach for capacitor bank deployment to enhance voltage drop. The results emphasize that the capacitor bank installation at the end of the distribution line yields the most substantial voltage drop improvement. This is attributed to the utilization of larger capacitor bank capacities compared to the 1/2-kvar and 2/3-kvar methods. Furthermore, the mathematical analysis confirms that both the placement and sizing of capacitor banks play a crucial role in voltage drop mitigation.
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An Approach for Voltage Drop Improvement in Distribution Line Using High-Voltage Capacitor Bank
(2025-01-01)
Songsukthawan, Panapong
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Ananwattanaporn, Santipont
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Thongsuk, Surakit
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Phannil, Natthanon
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Bunjongjit, Sulee
Distribution line voltage drops cause power losses and a general decline in the efficiency of the electrical power system. In this study, PSCAD software is used to evaluate the elements that impact the voltage drop in the distribution line, including distribution line length, electric load power factor, and electric load capacity, both with and without capacitor bank installation. The 22-kV overhead distribution line in Thailand served as the basis for the simulation model’s creation. It has been suggested to install capacitor bank-based techniques to increase voltage on distribution lines. The findings show that the voltage drop is significantly influenced by the distribution line distance, electric load power factor, and electric load capacity. The voltage drop can be minimized to the greatest extent by properly arranging capacitor banks.
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Impact of Building Envelope Materials on Energy Usage and Performance of Evaporative Cooling System in Residential Building
(2024-08-01)
Thongsuk, Surakit
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Songsukthawan, Panapong
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Lertwanitrot, Praikanok
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Ananwattanaporn, Santipont
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Yoomak, Suntiti
A large proportion of building energy consumption in tropical countries like Thailand primarily comes from air conditioning systems used to maintain the comfort level of building occupants. This paper aims to evaluate the performance of an alternative cooling system based on the evaporative principle in terms of thermal characteristics and energy consumption. A simulation model using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software ANSYS version 16.0 and an actual experimental setup at the laboratory level were built to verify the results of the proposed cooling system. Additionally, factors that influence performance, such as components of the building envelope and the building’s orientation, are considered. This research aims to demonstrate the impact of building envelope material and building characteristics on the energy usage in air conditioning systems and to propose an energy-efficient cooling system. The results demonstrate that the proposed cooling system can reduce the temperature inside the building. However, the characteristics of the building also affect the energy performance. Thus, the proposed cooling system, in combination with an efficient envelope material, can achieve energy savings of around 35–43%. Therefore, a combination of the proposed cooling system and optimal building design can ensure comfort for building occupants while saving energy.
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Characteristics of Various Single Wind-Power Distributed Generation Placements for Voltage Drop Improvement in a 22 kV Distribution System
(2024-05-01)
Ananwattanaporn, Santipont
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Thongsuk, Surakit
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Lertwanitrot, Praikanok
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Yoomak, Suntiti
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Ngamroo, Issarachai
A major challenge in distribution systems is the issue of voltage drop along the distribution line resulting from an increased load capacity connected to the utility. A significant voltage drop can affect the performance of a distribution system and cause quality issues for end users, impacting the system’s long-term sustainability and reliability. Therefore, regulations have been set stating that the voltage level should not be more that 5% higher or lower than the rated voltage. Thus, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the voltage level characteristics of a 22 kV distribution system that replicates the actual distribution system in the Provincial Electricity Authority. A voltage improvement technique based on distributed generation placement was proposed. In addition, the distribution system characteristics with and without distributed generation placement were evaluated under fault conditions. The results indicate that distributed generation placement in the distribution system can improve the voltage level along the distribution line. However, the level of increase in voltage depends on the size of the load, the capacity of the distributed generation, and the location of the distributed generation system on the distribution line. Furthermore, placing a distributed generation system with a minimum capacity at the proposed location can improve the voltage within the utility’s standard level. Thus, the installation of a distributed generation system in the distribution system is beneficial in terms of voltage improvement in the distribution system and provides the power system with a sustainable method to address the issue of voltage drop.
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Renovation of an Academic Building’s Envelope, Lighting, and Air Conditioning System According to Thailand Building Energy Code for Energy Consumption Reduction
(2023-11-01)
Chiradeja, Pathomthat
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Thongsuk, Surakit
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Ananwattanaporn, Santipont
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Ngaopitakkul, Atthapol
This study evaluated the feasibility of building renovation with regard to the aspects of economy and energy. An academic building located in Bangkok, Thailand was selected for a case study. Four sub-systems, namely, the building envelope, lighting system, air conditioning unit, and electrical system, were renovated. From the energy perspective, Thailand’s Building Energy Code was used as an evaluating standard, and the BEC software (Version 2.6.0) was employed for the calculations. The economic feasibility of the renovation was determined on the basis of the internal rate of return and discounted payback period. It was demonstrated that the renovation can result in a reduction in the annual energy consumption of the entire building by up to 55.44%. In regards to economic feasibility, the renovation project can achieve a payback period of 4.98 years with 20.89% IRR. In addition, the renovation of a building can lead to spare capacity of the transformer for electric vehicle charger loads. Thus, the renovation of an old building into an energy-efficient building in compliance with building code can afford benefits both in terms of electricity consumption reduction and decreased energy cost for the project owner and provide opportunity for the building to support future load.
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An approach for voltage drop improvement in 22 kV PEA distribution system based on high voltage capacitor placement
(2023-10-01)
Thongsuk, Surakit
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Ngaopitakkul, Atthapol
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Kotesakha, Wikorn
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Leelajindakrairerk, Monthon
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Pothisarn, Chaichan
The distribution system has been constantly expanded with rising load demand due to population and economic growth. The result is a distribution line facing a voltage drop issue voltage drop, which results from increasing interconnected load and the distance from the substation. To mitigate this issue, this paper proposed an approach to improve the voltage level on the distribution line using a high-voltage capacitor bank. The system under study is modeled after the Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA) 22-kV distribution line. The placement of the high voltage capacitor bank will be based on the 2/3 rule technique. The PSCAD/EMTDC has been used to simulate the characteristics of the case study distribution system and evaluate the performance of the proposed technique in comparison with the PEA voltage regulation standard. The result has demonstrated the ability to use the proposed high voltage capacitor bank placement technique to improve voltage levels in the distribution system.

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